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Chinese Medicine
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Chinese Medicine Timeline
1200BC-1027BC
1027BC-0450BC
0450BC-0220BC
0220BC-0206BC
0206BC-0220AD
0220AD-0620AD
0620AD-0900AD
0900AD-0960AD
0960AD-1279AD
1279AD-1368AD
1368AD-1662AD
1662AD-1912AD
1912AD-1949AD
1949AD-Current
Shang Dynasty
Western and Eastern Zhou Dynasty
Warring States Period
Qin Dynasty
Han Dynasty
Six Dynasties & Three Kingdoms
Tang Dynasty
Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms
Song and Southern Song Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
Republic of China
People Republic of China
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Ancient Chinese Medicine
o Shang Dynasty (1523BC – 1027BC)
• Shamanic & ancestral medicine widely practiced
o Zhou Dynasty (1027BC – 221BC)
• Emergence of Confucianism
• Emergence of Taoism
• Shifted thinking from demonic illness to human action
o Ma Wang Dui Texts (Date uncertain - likely during these dynasties)
• The initial texts indicating medicine being distinct from religion
• Identified 11 of the 12 acupuncture channels (pericardium missing)
• Listed medical theories related to the channels physiology that are
associated with repletion, vacuity, and undesirable movement.
• No identification of key points but rather the channels as a whole.
• No identification of needling, however, moxa and bian stone practice
likely.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health
endeavour.edu.au
© Endeavour College of Natural Health
endeavour.edu.au
Qin Dynasty (221-206BC)
o The Qin dynasty ran from 221-206BC and was initially established in
221BC by the first emperor Shihuang Qin.
o Shihuang Qin greatest achievement was unifying a previously very
divided China from 221-210BC.
o Shihuang Qin reign ended in 210BC when he passed away. At this
time he was replaced by his son Er Shi Qin.
o Er Shi Qin ruled from 210-206BC before being killed and replaced
by the Han Dynasty.
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Qin Dynasty (221-206BC)
Further legacies of the Qin Dynasty:
o Unification of the China as a nation from a group of warring states;
o Weights, measures and road widths were standardized leading to better
trade;
o Use of a national currency was also established; and
o Book purging was conducted except in the areas of medicine, agriculture
and oracles.
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Qin Dynasty (221-206BC)
Medical legacies of the Qin Dynasty:
o A key Chinese herbal medicine classic was derived at this time.
o The “Agriculture Emperors Materia Medica” expanded on the earlier work
attributed to Shen Nong, the original classic materia medica during the
Warring states period.
o Shen Nong’s classic materia medica which was known as the “Shen Nong
Ben Cao Jing” contained 365 herbal medicines (plant, mineral and animal)
and their associated medicinal indications.
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Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD)
o This known as a golden age of Chinese medicine development with many
key Chinese medicine classics being written during this time.
o The key medical texts still used today included:
• Huang Di Nei Jing;
• Nan Jing; and
• Shang Hun Lun.
o These key medical texts also formed the basis of other traditional medical
practices that were subsequently established in Japan, Korea, Vietnam and
the world in more recent times.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health
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Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD)
o Acupuncture developed significantly during this period.
Certainly the concept of Bian stone (Gua Sha implement)
had been replaced by the relative of the modern fillaform
needle by this time.
o During the western Han the needles illustrated here were
certainly utilized in patient management. These specific
needles were found in the tomb of Western Han prince
Liu Sheng who is recorded as living in China at around
113BC.
o Please note that these Han dynasty needles did not only
include the current fillaform acupuncture needle but also
the sword needle.
Han Dynasty Needles
Gold and Silver 6-7cm long
http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/archae/2wcwaccu.jpg –
accessed 02/07/10 @ 4:10pm
o Sword needles were used by acupuncturists to conduct
operations (please note this was also the domain of the
acupuncturist at this time).
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Huang Di Nei Jing
The Yellow Emperors Internal Cannon
o Thought to have been written somewhere between 206BC and 50AD.
o This classic Chinese medical text is as important to Chinese medicine as
Hippocrates works are to western medical practices still applied to this day.
o The book was likely constructed from the collective thoughts shared by many
different key Chinese medicine professionals existed at this time.
o The book reads as though there is a conversation between the Emperor
(depicted as a learned sage) and Qi Bo (his chief minister). Qi Bo continually
asks questions of the Yellow Emperor to understand the knowledge of heaven
and medicine as it stood at this time.
o While the collective authors are not acknowledged the contrasting/conflicting
views expressed throughout the work suggest a compilation work.
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Huang Di Nei Jing
The Yellow Emperors Internal Cannon
o The work laid the underlying framework for Chinese medicine practice where it
discussed the importance of good health, diet and living, the effects that
seasonal change and the elements (cold, etc.) have on health, and how health
declines with age.
o The work also included the therapeutic discussions:
• 12 Chinese herbal medicine formulae were presented;
• 28 different references were made to different Chinese herb medicines
necessary within the management of different conditions; and
• It also detailed the use of key acupuncture points in the management of
specific diseases.
o This book had a second volume titled the Huang Di Wei Jing (the yellow
emperors external classic). Unfortunately this specific text and philosophies
regarding the management of external disease has been lost.
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Huang Di Nei Jing
The Yellow Emperors Internal Cannon
o The collective Huang Di Nei Jing work was originally set out in the
following format:
1. Nei Jing Su Wen (Fundamental Questions) containing:
– A collection of medical questions and considerations
1. Nei Jing Ling Shu (Spiritual Axis)
– Yin Yang theory & 5 phase theory are included
– 12 regular channels identified, 295 acupuncture points
identified
– 11 organs - 5 Zang and 6 Fu
– Bloodletting, Needle insertion, and moxibustion.
– Internal & external causes of disease, including climatic
factors and emotions, recognise in the Nei Jing
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Nan Jing
Canon of Eighty-One Difficult Issues
o The Nan Jing consisted of 81 chapters that explored the more difficult medical
issues at the date of publication.
o Again this work was likely to be a compendium of idea and thoughts from the
top medical minds at that time.
o While exploring theory it also discussed patient management and as a result
also established the following Chinese medicine therapeutic practices:
• Basic pulse diagnosis;
• Eight extraordinary meridians;
• Establishment Back-Shu, Front-Mu and Yuan-source points;
• Development of the Five-Shu Points theory; and
• First outlined the concept of deqi which is a quintessential component of
acupuncture practice.
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Shang Han Lun
“On Cold Classic” or “Treatise of Cold Injury”
o Written prior to 220AD by Zhongjing Zhang who (to this day) is still considered a very
famous Chinese herbal medicine authority.
o Within this text the first concept of the six divisions was first coined. These divisions include:
• Tai yang (greater yang)
• Yang ming (yang brightness)
• Shao yang (lesser yang)
• Tai yin (greater yin)
• Shao yin (lesser yin)
• Jue yin (absolute yin)
o The booked detailed 112 herbal formula that are specifically used to treat the above
mentioned diagnostic divisions. Many of these formulas are stilled used today.
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Shang Han Lun
The Six Division Further Explained
Cold pathogen was seen to penetrate the body and thus effected each level differently. As
cold penetrated deeper into the body the symptoms and condition worsened.
o Tai yang (greater yang) (most superficial) was a mild stage including predominately external
symptoms such as chills, fevers, stiffness, and headache.
o Yang ming (yang brightness) was more severe internal excess yang condition that included
fever (without chills), distended abdomen, and constipation.
o Shao yang (lesser yang) was a half outside/inside + half excess/deficiency condition that
included chest discomfort, alternating chills/fevers.
o Tai yin (greater yin) penetrated further into the body and included symptoms such as chills,
distended abdomen with occasional pain.
o Shao yin (lesser yin) was further degeneration with weak pulse, anxiety, drowsiness,
diarrhoea, chills, cold extremities.
o Jue yin (absolute yin) (most internal) was the most degenerative diagnosis with thirst,
difficult urination, physical collapse.
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Shang Han Lun Formula
Examples
o Ma Huang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) – Tai Yang Disorders
• The formula included: Ma Huang (Ephedra), Gui Zhi (Cinnamon), Xing
Ren (Apricot Seed), Gan Cao (Liquorice).
o Gui Zhi Tang (Cinnamon Decoction) – Tai Yang Disorders
• The formula included: Gui Zhi (Cinnamon), Bai Shao (Paeonia), Sheng
Jiang (Chinese Ginger), Da Zao (Chinese Date), Zhi Gan Cao (Honey
fried Liquorice).
o Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Buplerum Decoction) – Shao Yang Disorders
• The formula included: Chai Hu (Buplerum), Huang Qin (Scutellaria),
Ren Shen (Panax Ginseng), Ban Xia (Pinellia), Sheng Jiang (Chinese
Ginger), Da Zao (Chinese Date), Zhi Gan Cao (Honey fried Liquorice).
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Hua Tuo (110-207AD)
o Chinese medical practitioner
o Revered as inventing anaesthesia and defining the Hua Tuo Jia Ji
points that are still used in practice today.
o Chinese medicine practices (all round practitioner):
• Acupuncture;
• Chinese herbal medicine; and
• Surgery.
o Still revered today as a Chinese medicine practice genius and thus
you will see his face depict on a variety of different acupuncture
products.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health
endeavour.edu.au
© Endeavour College of Natural Health
endeavour.edu.au
Six Dynasties
(220AD-589AD)
o This was a period of great unrest in China where the country was again divided into
separate states. Warfare prevailed as each warlord (claiming to be the ruler of China) trying
to ascend to be the ruler of all China.
o Many of China’s great warriors (and now movies) are based around this time and emphasis
on the exploits of Lui Bei (Shu), Cao Cao (Wei) and the Sun Family (Wu).
o During this period Chinese medicine again continued to develop with the release of the
following key medical classic books:
• Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (Acupuncture/Moxibustion classic); and
• Mai Jing (pulse classic) – defining the 24 pulse qualities.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health
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Chinese Medicine
o Tong Dynasty (618-906)
o Song Dynasty (960-1274)
o Bronze Man
• Constructed in 1026
o Ming Dynasty (1368)
o Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
o Republic of China (1911-1949)
• Severe decline in all TCM approaches
• By 1912 much TCM had been abandoned
• 1914- Minister declared to abolish TCM
© Endeavour College of Natural Health
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© Endeavour College of Natural Health
endeavour.edu.au
Chinese Medicine
o People’s Republic of China (1949+)
•
Mid 1950’s saw the establishment of 4 major colleges of
Chinese Medicine
• 1958, Mao Zedong, issued a vision of Chinese-Western
Medicine integration
• Late 60’s/early 70’s – Barefoot Doctor Movement, program which
saw many individuals trained in first-aid acupuncture
© Endeavour College of Natural Health
endeavour.edu.au
© Endeavour College of Natural Health
endeavour.edu.au