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Chinese Medicine © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Chinese Medicine Timeline 1200BC-1027BC 1027BC-0450BC 0450BC-0220BC 0220BC-0206BC 0206BC-0220AD 0220AD-0620AD 0620AD-0900AD 0900AD-0960AD 0960AD-1279AD 1279AD-1368AD 1368AD-1662AD 1662AD-1912AD 1912AD-1949AD 1949AD-Current Shang Dynasty Western and Eastern Zhou Dynasty Warring States Period Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty Six Dynasties & Three Kingdoms Tang Dynasty Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms Song and Southern Song Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty Republic of China People Republic of China © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Ancient Chinese Medicine o Shang Dynasty (1523BC – 1027BC) • Shamanic & ancestral medicine widely practiced o Zhou Dynasty (1027BC – 221BC) • Emergence of Confucianism • Emergence of Taoism • Shifted thinking from demonic illness to human action o Ma Wang Dui Texts (Date uncertain - likely during these dynasties) • The initial texts indicating medicine being distinct from religion • Identified 11 of the 12 acupuncture channels (pericardium missing) • Listed medical theories related to the channels physiology that are associated with repletion, vacuity, and undesirable movement. • No identification of key points but rather the channels as a whole. • No identification of needling, however, moxa and bian stone practice likely. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Qin Dynasty (221-206BC) o The Qin dynasty ran from 221-206BC and was initially established in 221BC by the first emperor Shihuang Qin. o Shihuang Qin greatest achievement was unifying a previously very divided China from 221-210BC. o Shihuang Qin reign ended in 210BC when he passed away. At this time he was replaced by his son Er Shi Qin. o Er Shi Qin ruled from 210-206BC before being killed and replaced by the Han Dynasty. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Qin Dynasty (221-206BC) Further legacies of the Qin Dynasty: o Unification of the China as a nation from a group of warring states; o Weights, measures and road widths were standardized leading to better trade; o Use of a national currency was also established; and o Book purging was conducted except in the areas of medicine, agriculture and oracles. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Qin Dynasty (221-206BC) Medical legacies of the Qin Dynasty: o A key Chinese herbal medicine classic was derived at this time. o The “Agriculture Emperors Materia Medica” expanded on the earlier work attributed to Shen Nong, the original classic materia medica during the Warring states period. o Shen Nong’s classic materia medica which was known as the “Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing” contained 365 herbal medicines (plant, mineral and animal) and their associated medicinal indications. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD) o This known as a golden age of Chinese medicine development with many key Chinese medicine classics being written during this time. o The key medical texts still used today included: • Huang Di Nei Jing; • Nan Jing; and • Shang Hun Lun. o These key medical texts also formed the basis of other traditional medical practices that were subsequently established in Japan, Korea, Vietnam and the world in more recent times. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD) o Acupuncture developed significantly during this period. Certainly the concept of Bian stone (Gua Sha implement) had been replaced by the relative of the modern fillaform needle by this time. o During the western Han the needles illustrated here were certainly utilized in patient management. These specific needles were found in the tomb of Western Han prince Liu Sheng who is recorded as living in China at around 113BC. o Please note that these Han dynasty needles did not only include the current fillaform acupuncture needle but also the sword needle. Han Dynasty Needles Gold and Silver 6-7cm long http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/archae/2wcwaccu.jpg – accessed 02/07/10 @ 4:10pm o Sword needles were used by acupuncturists to conduct operations (please note this was also the domain of the acupuncturist at this time). © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Huang Di Nei Jing The Yellow Emperors Internal Cannon o Thought to have been written somewhere between 206BC and 50AD. o This classic Chinese medical text is as important to Chinese medicine as Hippocrates works are to western medical practices still applied to this day. o The book was likely constructed from the collective thoughts shared by many different key Chinese medicine professionals existed at this time. o The book reads as though there is a conversation between the Emperor (depicted as a learned sage) and Qi Bo (his chief minister). Qi Bo continually asks questions of the Yellow Emperor to understand the knowledge of heaven and medicine as it stood at this time. o While the collective authors are not acknowledged the contrasting/conflicting views expressed throughout the work suggest a compilation work. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Huang Di Nei Jing The Yellow Emperors Internal Cannon o The work laid the underlying framework for Chinese medicine practice where it discussed the importance of good health, diet and living, the effects that seasonal change and the elements (cold, etc.) have on health, and how health declines with age. o The work also included the therapeutic discussions: • 12 Chinese herbal medicine formulae were presented; • 28 different references were made to different Chinese herb medicines necessary within the management of different conditions; and • It also detailed the use of key acupuncture points in the management of specific diseases. o This book had a second volume titled the Huang Di Wei Jing (the yellow emperors external classic). Unfortunately this specific text and philosophies regarding the management of external disease has been lost. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Huang Di Nei Jing The Yellow Emperors Internal Cannon o The collective Huang Di Nei Jing work was originally set out in the following format: 1. Nei Jing Su Wen (Fundamental Questions) containing: – A collection of medical questions and considerations 1. Nei Jing Ling Shu (Spiritual Axis) – Yin Yang theory & 5 phase theory are included – 12 regular channels identified, 295 acupuncture points identified – 11 organs - 5 Zang and 6 Fu – Bloodletting, Needle insertion, and moxibustion. – Internal & external causes of disease, including climatic factors and emotions, recognise in the Nei Jing © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Nan Jing Canon of Eighty-One Difficult Issues o The Nan Jing consisted of 81 chapters that explored the more difficult medical issues at the date of publication. o Again this work was likely to be a compendium of idea and thoughts from the top medical minds at that time. o While exploring theory it also discussed patient management and as a result also established the following Chinese medicine therapeutic practices: • Basic pulse diagnosis; • Eight extraordinary meridians; • Establishment Back-Shu, Front-Mu and Yuan-source points; • Development of the Five-Shu Points theory; and • First outlined the concept of deqi which is a quintessential component of acupuncture practice. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Shang Han Lun “On Cold Classic” or “Treatise of Cold Injury” o Written prior to 220AD by Zhongjing Zhang who (to this day) is still considered a very famous Chinese herbal medicine authority. o Within this text the first concept of the six divisions was first coined. These divisions include: • Tai yang (greater yang) • Yang ming (yang brightness) • Shao yang (lesser yang) • Tai yin (greater yin) • Shao yin (lesser yin) • Jue yin (absolute yin) o The booked detailed 112 herbal formula that are specifically used to treat the above mentioned diagnostic divisions. Many of these formulas are stilled used today. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Shang Han Lun The Six Division Further Explained Cold pathogen was seen to penetrate the body and thus effected each level differently. As cold penetrated deeper into the body the symptoms and condition worsened. o Tai yang (greater yang) (most superficial) was a mild stage including predominately external symptoms such as chills, fevers, stiffness, and headache. o Yang ming (yang brightness) was more severe internal excess yang condition that included fever (without chills), distended abdomen, and constipation. o Shao yang (lesser yang) was a half outside/inside + half excess/deficiency condition that included chest discomfort, alternating chills/fevers. o Tai yin (greater yin) penetrated further into the body and included symptoms such as chills, distended abdomen with occasional pain. o Shao yin (lesser yin) was further degeneration with weak pulse, anxiety, drowsiness, diarrhoea, chills, cold extremities. o Jue yin (absolute yin) (most internal) was the most degenerative diagnosis with thirst, difficult urination, physical collapse. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Shang Han Lun Formula Examples o Ma Huang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) – Tai Yang Disorders • The formula included: Ma Huang (Ephedra), Gui Zhi (Cinnamon), Xing Ren (Apricot Seed), Gan Cao (Liquorice). o Gui Zhi Tang (Cinnamon Decoction) – Tai Yang Disorders • The formula included: Gui Zhi (Cinnamon), Bai Shao (Paeonia), Sheng Jiang (Chinese Ginger), Da Zao (Chinese Date), Zhi Gan Cao (Honey fried Liquorice). o Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Buplerum Decoction) – Shao Yang Disorders • The formula included: Chai Hu (Buplerum), Huang Qin (Scutellaria), Ren Shen (Panax Ginseng), Ban Xia (Pinellia), Sheng Jiang (Chinese Ginger), Da Zao (Chinese Date), Zhi Gan Cao (Honey fried Liquorice). © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Hua Tuo (110-207AD) o Chinese medical practitioner o Revered as inventing anaesthesia and defining the Hua Tuo Jia Ji points that are still used in practice today. o Chinese medicine practices (all round practitioner): • Acupuncture; • Chinese herbal medicine; and • Surgery. o Still revered today as a Chinese medicine practice genius and thus you will see his face depict on a variety of different acupuncture products. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Six Dynasties (220AD-589AD) o This was a period of great unrest in China where the country was again divided into separate states. Warfare prevailed as each warlord (claiming to be the ruler of China) trying to ascend to be the ruler of all China. o Many of China’s great warriors (and now movies) are based around this time and emphasis on the exploits of Lui Bei (Shu), Cao Cao (Wei) and the Sun Family (Wu). o During this period Chinese medicine again continued to develop with the release of the following key medical classic books: • Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (Acupuncture/Moxibustion classic); and • Mai Jing (pulse classic) – defining the 24 pulse qualities. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Chinese Medicine o Tong Dynasty (618-906) o Song Dynasty (960-1274) o Bronze Man • Constructed in 1026 o Ming Dynasty (1368) o Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) o Republic of China (1911-1949) • Severe decline in all TCM approaches • By 1912 much TCM had been abandoned • 1914- Minister declared to abolish TCM © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au Chinese Medicine o People’s Republic of China (1949+) • Mid 1950’s saw the establishment of 4 major colleges of Chinese Medicine • 1958, Mao Zedong, issued a vision of Chinese-Western Medicine integration • Late 60’s/early 70’s – Barefoot Doctor Movement, program which saw many individuals trained in first-aid acupuncture © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au