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The Systems of the Body By Shyam Patel The Cardiovascular System The Cardiovascular System is centered around the heart, an organ that pumps blood around a complex network of blood vessels. Function: This system is responsible for transporting nutrients, water, and oxygen to the billions of cells in your body while carrying away waste and CO2. Vocabulary Heart- a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the entire body Aorta- the largest artery in the body, a tube about a foot long and just over an inch in diameter. Allows the flow of blood to the body. Vena Cava- a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart, there are two in humans, the superior and inferior venae cavae. - All of the output of blood from the left side of the heart goes into the aorta, there other arteries branch off to supply blood to the rest of the body, while the right side pumps blood into the lungs. - The blood is drained from all of these parts by veins into the inferior and superior venae cava. - The contractions of the heart tirelessly pump blood around the body. These contractions are triggered by electrical impulses that originate in a specialized area of heart tissue. The Respiratory System The respiratory system is made up of the organs in your body that help you breathe. Function: The function of the respiratory system is to get oxygen into the body and take carbon dioxide out of it. Vocabulary Lungs- the two organs in the rib cage that help oxygen from the air we breathe enter red blood cells. Pharynx- (throat) the tube that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus and trachea. Trachea- a tube about four inches long just under the larynx (known as the wind pipe) Diaphragm- the muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen. The diaphragm is the main muscle of respiration. - The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. In the lungs oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is taken out. - The trachea filters the air we breathe and delivers it to the bronchi. - The bronchi get air from the trachea and deliver it to the lungs. - Breathing starts with the diaphragm, when you breathe in the diaphragm contracts. The Digestive System The Digestive System is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and the basic nutrients that our bodies need. Function:To digest food and turn it into energy for the body to use. Vocabulary Stomach- a muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus, it secretes acid and enzymes to help digest food. Esophagus- a tube that connects the throat to the stomach, it delivers food to the stomach. Small Intestine- the part of the intestine that connects the stomach and the large intestine; where 90% of digestion and nutrition absorption occurs. Large Intestine- performs the function of turning food into waste and then delivers it to the anus. Process of Digestion Step 1: The mouth is the beginning of the digestive system. Your mouth secretes saliva to help you break down food so that it could be digested. Step 2: The pharynx receives food from the mouth and brings it to the esophagus which carries food to the stomach. Step 3: The stomach, in addition to holding the food, mixes and grinds the food. It also secretes acid and enzymes to help break down the food. Then food moves to the small intestine where most of the nutrition is absorbed and the food is being broken down. Step 4: Waste is brought down to the large intestine and leaves through the anus. The Excretory/Urinary System The excretory system is the system of an organism's body that performs excretion, the bodily process of removing waste. Function: To remove waste from the body ● The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder. The kidneys filter the blood to remove waste and produce waste. The ureters and bladder form to make the urinary tract. ● Excess Ions and metabolic wastes produced by the body's cells must be constantly removed from the body to prevent toxic substances from accumulating and poisoning the body. ● The kidneys are responsible for the filtration of wastes from the blood. ● The ureters are a pair of tubes that bring urine from the kidneys down to the urethra. The Skeletal System The Skeletal System includes all of the bones and joints of the body. Also it is made up of all of the tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that connect them. Function: Acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. Vocabulary Bone- any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans and other vertebrae Axial Skeleton- the bones of the upper body, ex. head, neck, and trunk Appendicular Skeleton- the bones of the limbs ex. legs, arms, hands, and feet Limb- a jointed appendage of a human or animal Pelvis & Lower Back The bones of the pelvis and lower back work together to support the weight of the body, anchor the abdominal and hip muscles, and protect the delicate vital organs of the vertebral cavity. Arm & Hand The bones of the arm and hand have the important job of supporting the upper limb and providing attachment points for the muscles that move the upper limb. Leg & Foot The bones of the leg and foot form a majority of the appendicular skeleton that supports many of the muslces of the lower limb. Head & Neck The bones of the head and neck play the vital role of supporting the brain, sensory organs, nerves, and blood vessels of the head. These bones provide for facial expressions, eating, speech, and head movements. The skull consists of 22 cranial and facial bones. Thorax & Upper Back The bones of the thorax and upper back combine to form the strong protective rib cage. The rib cage also anchors the bones of the head, neck, shoulders, and arms to the trunk of the body. Powerful muscles that move the head and arms attach to these bones as well. The bones of the chest support the upper body's weight. The Muscular System The Muscular System is responsible for all of the movements of the human body. Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 muscles that make up about half of the human body’s weight. Function: to cause the movement of the body Vocabulary Muscle- a group/band of tissue in a human or animal body that have the ability to contract, producing movement Tissue- the distinct material that animals and plants are made out of, consisting of specialized cells Head & Neck The muscles of the head and neck perform many important tasks, such as chewing, swallowing, speech, facial expressions, and the movement of the eyes and rest of the head. Some of the most important muscles of the head and neck are the trapezius(neck/shoulder muscle), and the sternocleidomastoid (side of neck muscle). Thorax & Upper Back One of the major tasks performed by the upper back and thorax is breathing, which is essential to life. Some of the major muscles of the area are the deltoids, pectoralis’, and triceps. Abdomen & Lower Back The muscles of the abdomen, lower back, and pelvis are separated from the muscles of the upper back and thorax by the muscular wall of the diaphragm, the muscle which is critical to breathing. The most important muscles of the lower back and abdomen are the abdominals, erector spinae, and rhomboids. Works Cited http://www.webmd.com/ https://www.innerbody.com/