Download PLANT EVOLUTION DISPLAY Handout Welcome to UCSC

PLANT EVOLUTION DISPLAY Handout
Welcome to UCSC Greenhouses. This sheet explains a few botanical facts about plant
reproduction that will help you through the display and handout. UCSC Greenhouses
is open to the campus community every weekday from 9-3 and you can visit us on
our website. http://greenhouse.ucsc.edu/
Plant reproduction is very different from animal reproduction. In animal
reproduction the product of meiosis is a gamete and in plant reproduction the
product is a spore. This spore will grow into a haploid (1n) plant called a
gametophyte. When this gametophyte is mature, the gametophyte will produce
gametes. The gametes (egg and sperm) will fuse to form a zygote that grows into a
mature diploid (2n) organism called a sporophyte. The sporophyte will undergo
meiosis in some region of the plant and (1n) spores will be produced. This
alternation between gametophyte generation and sporophyte generation is called
the alternation of generations and is found in all plants.
At the evolutionary beginning of multi-cellular plant life the gametophyte was the
dominant generation. This means the sporophyte generation was very small and
usually physically attached to, and dependent on the gametophyte. As plants
evolved the gametophyte generation became smaller and less dominant and the
sporophyte generation became larger and more dominant. In the most
evolutionarily advanced plants, the flowering plants, the sporophyte generation is
dominant and meiosis takes place in two locations. At the tip of the anther of a
flower meiosis takes place and spores are produced. These spores grow into pollen
grains, which are mature male gametophytes. The second location is inside the
ovary of the flower where meiosis takes place and spores are produced. These
spores grow into embryo sacs, which are the mature female gametophytes of
flowering plants.
Alternation of generations
1. What do sporophytes make after meiosis is complete?
A. gametophytes
B. gametes
C. spores
D. eggs
2. What reproductive cells do gametophtes make?
A. eggs and sperm
B. spores
C. sporophytes
D. somatic cells
3. What is formed by the union of male and female gametes?
A. spores
B. zygotes
C. seeds
D. embryo sacs
NONVASCULAR PLANTS:
MARCHANTIA- LIVERWORT
4. Splashing rain water is important for this plants sexual reproduction compared to more
ancestral plants which needed to be submerged in water to reproduce sexually? Which
statement below is false?
A. Being able to reproduce out of water enabled plants to become established on
land.
B. Being able to reproduce out of water increased their ability to survive changing
environmental conditions such as droughts that may have lowered global water levels.
C. Being able to reproduce out of water evolved due to natural selection.
D. This was not an evolutionary advantage.
FUNARIA-MOSS
5. Which sentence is correct?
A. The moss gametophyte depend on the sporophyte for water and nutrients.
B. The moss sporophyte depend on the gametophyte for water and nutrients.
6. The sporangium(plant organ that produces spores) produces a
A. Diploid spores
B. Haploid spores
VASCULAR PLANTS:
PSILOTUM
7. What is not a competitive advantage of having vascular tissue?
A. Raises sporangia higher for better dispersal of spores.
B. Plant can grow taller and better compete for light.
C. Plants with vascular systems can grow in areas where the water is deep in the soil
D. Plants with vascular tissue reproduce more offspring.
SELAGINELLA
8. Heterosporous plants produce______ (one/two) type of spores ;
Homosporous plants produce ______ (one/two) type of spores.
A. One and One
B. One and Two
C. Two and One
D. Two and Two
9. Which definition of evolution is correct and complete.
A. Evolution is the survival of the fittest over generations.
B. Evolution is the change in fitness of a species.
C. Evolution is the change allele frequencies of a population over generations.
D. Evolution is natural selection within a species.
10. What evolutionary advantage would be recognized by separating the gametes as
heterosporous plants do?
A. Greater chance of cross fertilization.
B. Higher percentage of reproduction.
C. More gametes being produced.
D. Less chance of mixing allele frequency within a population.
POLYPODIUM-FERN
11. Ferns are homosporous, How does this increase the survival advantage?
A. Homosporous species do not have much genetic variation in the population. This
can be advantageous in unchanging environments.
B. Homosporous species evolve slowly and therefore have no survival advantage.
C. Homosporous species can adapt best to radically changing environments.
D. If the parent plant thrives in a location its offspring may be at a disadvantage with
a very similar genotype.
12. If the environment changes which species has more of an advantage
A. homosporous species
B. heterosporous species
SEED PLANTS
13. The pollen grain is a male gametophyte. In Gymnosperms it travels to the female by
A. Wind
B. Water
C. Insects
D. Birds
14. What is not a morphological adaptation gymnosperms have undergone to reduce water
loss.
A. Developed a thick cuticle,
B. Reduced size of leaves,
C. Stomata are in sunken pits
D. They grow closer to water sources.
15. Seed plants (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms) all have non-motile sperm. When looking
at ALL ancestral plants, this would be a
A. Synapomorphic trait
B. Symplesiomorphic trait
16. When looking at just the Angiosperm group this would be a
A. Synapomorphic trait
B. Symplesiomorphic trait
17. Seed development was an adaptation that increased survival rates for the gymnosperms
and angiosperms. What was not a factor?
A. Megagametophyte or endosperm provides food for the developing embryo,
B. Seeds can germinate when conditions are advantageous,
C. Seed coats add protection to embryo
D. Seed development increased natural selection.
ANGIOSPERMS-FLOWERING PLANTS
18. Why is endosperm important?
A. It is the first step in plant reproduction.
B. It is how the sperm is produced.
C. It is a source of food for the embryo
D. It increases genetic diversity.
19. What is not an advantage of flower fragrance, color, or nectaries?
A. They attract (or help attract) pollinators.
B. Colors can guide the insects to land on the flowers in a way that helps attach
pollen to the insect.
C. Carnivorous plants use flower fragrance, color or nectaries to trap insects.
D. Different fragrances, colors and nectaries between plant species will attract
specific insects to that specific species therefore less pollen needs to be made.
20. Presently flowering plants make up the majority of species of plants on the earth. One
reason for their success is that they have coevolved with what group of animals? (Hint:
These animals disperse the flowering plants male gametophtes to other flowers.)
A. Fish
B. Reptiles
C. Insects
D. Amphibians
21. Many flowering plant species produce a swollen ovary (fruit). How does this benefit the
species?
A. Attracting animals that feed on the fruit and disperse seed,
B. Fruit benefits the species as it reduces the need for the plant to produce sugar.
C. Fruit is a major part of the asexual reproduction process
D. Fruit is always the best way for any plant to spread its seed.