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Chapter 49: Animal Behavior
AP Biology
meerkats
2006-2007
Behavioral Ecology
 Behavior = everything an animal does & how
it does it

INNATE = inherited

LEARNED = develop during animal’s lifetime
 Behavior & Natural Selection


Behavior is part of phenotype
acted upon by natural selection
 lead to greater fitness?
 greater reproductive success?
 greater survival?
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Questions to ask . . .
 Proximate causes of behavior

“how” & “what”
 Ultimate causes of behavior
evolutionary significance
 “why” questions

Courtship behavior in cranes
 what…how… & why questions
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male songbird
 what triggers
singing?
 how does he sing?
 why does he sing?
1941 | 1973
Ethology
pioneers in the study of animal behavior
Karl von Frisch
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Niko Tinbergen
Konrad Lorenz
Types of Behaviors
1. Innate
2. Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)
3. Imprinting
4. Associate Learning
5. Habituation
6. Observational Learning
7. Insight
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Inherited
Reflex
Complex
Problem
Solving
Innate Behaviors
 Inherited (DNA)
 Automatic all individuals exhibit the

behavior
triggered by a stimulus
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Example
 coordinated movements (walking, swimming, etc.)
that occur in response to an external stimulus
 Taxis = change in direction

automatic movement toward (+ taxis) or
away from (- taxis) a stimulus
 phototaxis
 chemotaxis
 Kinesis = change in rate of movement in response
to a stimulus
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Migration
 Complex, but still innate


“migratory restlessness” seen in birds bred &
raised in captivity
navigate by sun, stars, Earth magnetic fields
Sandpiper
Monarch
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migration
Bobolink
ancient
flyways
Golden plover
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)
male sticklebacks
exhibit aggressive
territoriality
 innate
 sequence of unchangeable

behaviors that are usually
conducted to completion
once started
sign stimulus triggers FAP
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attack on red belly stimulus
court on swollen belly stimulus
Digger wasp
egg rolling in geese
The “eyebrow-flash”
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Imprinting
 Both innate & learning components
 Learning at a specific critical time
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Konrad Lorenz
During critical period, the animal acquires
memory of certain salient stimuli in its
"home" environment (taste of the host
plant, smell of the nest site, etc.)
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Associative Learning
 learning to associate
one feature of the
environment (stimulus)
with another

operant conditioning
 trial & error learning
 associate behavior with
reward or punishment

classical conditioning
 Pavlov’s Dogs
 associate a “neutral
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stimulus” with a
“significant stimulus”
Operant conditioning
 Skinner box
 “trial & error”
mouse learns to associate behavior (pressing lever)
with reward (food pellet)
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Classical conditioning
 Ivan Pavlov’s dogs

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connect reflex behavior (salivating at sight of
food) to associated stimulus (ringing bell)
Habituation
 Loss of response to
stimulus
“cry-wolf” effect
 learn not to
respond to
repeated
occurrences of
stimulus

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Observational Learning
 watch & learn
 memory of patterns or events when there
is no apparent reward or punishment
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Insight
 requires intelligence and social behaviors
problem-solving
tool use
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crow
Types of Social Behaviors






language
agonistic behaviors
dominance hierarchy
altruistic behavior
territoriality
mating behavior
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Language
 Honey bee
“waggle dance”
communication

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dance shows
location of food
source
Agonistic Behaviors
 threatening & submissive rituals
 symbolic, usually no harm done
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Dominance hierarchy
 social ranking within a
group
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Altruistic behavior
 reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of
recipient
 Paradox: self-sacrificial men “would, on average,
perish in larger number than other men”
 KIN SELECTION  meerkats


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Old view: survival of the fittest organism
New view survival of the fittest GENE (family
genes)
Territoriality
 Define: methods by which an individual (or group)
protects its territory from others of its species


Mark boundaries, chase, fight
Increases during breeding season
 Cost: might get hurt (survival risk)
 Benefits: uninterrupted mating, raise young in area
with less competition (reproductive benefit)
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Mating & Parental behavior
 Genetic influences  behavior changes
at different stages of mating
 Environmental influences can modify
behavior

depends on:
 quality of diet
 social interactions
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Social interaction requires communication
 Pheromones

chemical signal that stimulates a
response from other individuals
 alarm pheromones
 sex pheromones
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Pheromones
Female mosquito use CO2
concentrations to locate victims
marking territory
Spider using moth sex
pheromones, as allomones,
to lure its prey
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The female lion lures male by spreading sex
pheromones, but also by posture & movements