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Quick revision – what are the 5 functions of education
according to Functionalists? (S)
Social cohesion (political)
Quick revision – what are the 5 stages of education?
Secondary
SATS
GCSE/
BTEC AS/A2
Degree
Quick revision – What 5 factors affect educational
achievement?
E
Parental
attitudes
Labelling/
Halo effect
Structural
Poverty/
deprivation
Marxist
theories
Peer
pressure/
sub-cultural
theory
Feminist
theories
Crime & Deviance Revision
 Distinguish between crime and deviance
 Describe the ways in which individuals are encouraged to conform to social rules
both formal and informal
 Describe trends in distribution of crime e.g. gender, ethnicity, sex, social class etc
 Outline different sociological explanations of criminal and deviant behaviour, such
as sub-cultural theories, labelling theory and relative deprivation
 Awareness of social issues such as racism and teenage crime
 Analyse the usefulness of official crime figures, and self-report and victim studies
 Describe the effect of criminal and deviant behaviour on victims, communities and
society
Apples
Pears
What do sociologists mean
by deviance? (4 marks)
What do sociologists mean
by crime? (4 marks)
• Crime: is usually associated with behaviour that
breaks the formal, written laws of a given society.
• Deviance: is behaviour which does not conform to the
dominant norms of a specific society.
Deviant behaviour is defined by the norms of society, which
means that different cultures, times etc may define deviance
differently.
Can you think of an example of behaviour that…
a) Was classed as deviant in history that would now not be
classed as deviant?
b) Was accepted in history but would now be classed as
deviant?
c) Would be deviant in the UK but is accepted in other cultures?
TIF: what sources would tell us this?
Quick revision – What 5 factors affect the distribution of
crime?
G
Sociological Explanations
• Inadequate socialization
• Relative deprivation
• Labelling theory
• Sub-cultural theory /
peer pressure
• Opportunity structures
• Marxist explanations
Variations on this question…
Discuss how far sociologists would agree that crime and
deviance among ________(1) is a result of ____________(2)
Eye on the exam…
1)
Identify two types of crime commonly experienced in urban
communities (2 marks)
2)
Explain what sociologists mean by labelling. (4 marks)
3) Describe one way in which some sociologists believe that labelling can
lead to deviant behaviour and explain why this might be a problem for
certain groups within society (5 marks)
4) Describe one police action that may lead to some members of minority
ethnic groups being stereotyped as criminal and explain why this
stereotyping occurs. (5 marks)
5) Describe one reason why people in poverty are more likely to be victims
of crime than the more wealthy and explain why this situation
persists. (5 marks)
Homework – complete at least two of these 12
mark questions.
Discuss how far sociologists would agree that…
•
…what is seen as deviance arises from labelling in society.
•
…that most antisocial behaviour is committed by young
men.
•
…that criminal behaviour is caused by poverty and social
deprivation.
•
…that ethnic groups appear to commit more crimes than
others because they are stereotyped.
•
…that most deviant and criminal behaviour in young people
results from peer group pressure.
•
…that women are less likely to commit crime than men.
•
…that in Britain today working class criminals are more
likely to get convicted than middle class and upper class
‘white collar’ criminals
Quick revision – What are the 5 agents of social control?
Families
Which are formal and which
are informal?
How do they ensure
conformity?
Eye on the exam…
1)
Identify two ways in which people are encouraged to conform to formal
social rules (2 marks)
2)
Identify two types of formal social control that societies use to enforce
order (2 marks)
3)
Explain what sociologists mean by the term ‘agencies of social control.’ (4
marks)
4)
Explain what sociologists mean by white-collar crime (4 marks)
5)
Explain what sociologists mean by conformity when studying deviance. (4
marks)
Evidence – What percentage of
crime is racially aggravated?
•
•
•
•
•
2002/03 British Crime
•
Survey
4% mixed race
3% Asian
•
2% black
2% Chinese/other origin
Less than 1% white 11% of police
Walklate (2007) argues that
statistics are likely to
underestimate the extent to
which routine harassment is
part of the everyday lives of
people from minority ethnic
groups.
Jannson (2006)
20% of black vandalism
victims thought the crime
was racially motivated
Less than 1% of white
vandalism victims though
the crime was racially
motivated
reported
harassment was
racially or religious
motivated in
2007/08
British Crime
Survey
1999/2000 – 10,758
racially or religiously
aggravated harassment
2006/07 – 28,485
2007/08 – 26,495
How far would Sociologists agree that the government is
doing enough to tackle racially motivated offences?
Crime and Disorder Act 1998
Created new offences for
•Racially aggravated assault
•Racially aggravated criminal
damage
•Racially aggravated harassment
Jannson (2006)
• 20% of black vandalism
victims thought the crime
was racially motivated
• Less than 1% of white
vandalism victims though
If racially motivated offence =
Citizenship the crime was racially
harsher sentence
compulsory in motivated
Walklate (2007) argues thatEngland since
British Crime
statistics are likely to
2002
11% of police
underestimate the extent to
Survey
which routine harassment is
part of the everyday lives of
people from minority ethnic
groups.
reported
harassment was
racially or religious
motivated in
2007/08
1999/2000 – 10,758
racially or religiously
aggravated harassment
2006/07 – 28,485
2007/08 – 26,495
Social Issues
1)
Describe one way in which recent governments have
tried to reduce anti-social behaviour and explain how
successful this approach has been. (5 marks)
2) Describe one way in which governments have attempted
to reduce racist behaviour in society and explain how
successful this approach has been. (5 marks)
How do we get
our statistics on
crime?
Self Report Studies
(Defendants admit to
minor criminal behaviour
in surveys)
Victim Surveys
(public asked if ever
been a victim of crim)
Official Statistics
(Police statistics
gathered by Home
Office)
Reported crime –
crime that is
reported to the
police. Not all
crime is reported.
The true figure
(amount) of
crime
Why is not
all crime
reported?
Why is not
all
reported
crime
recorded?
Recorded crime –
crime that is
recorded by the
police. Not all
reported crime is
recorded.
Official crime
statistics
(not showing
Dark Figure of
Crime)
TIF: If you were the Police Commissioner, what would you do to improve the
relationship between the true figure of time and the Official Crime Statistics?
Quick revision – What is the impact of crime on victims &
society?
Social
Culture of fear
Moral panic
On
society?
What is the
impact of
crime?
Physical
On
victims?
Psychological
Financial
Socially
Damages
cohesion
Folk devils
Scapegoats
Eye on the exam…
1)
Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of using
self-report studies to collect data about levels of crime in
society. (2marks)
2)
Describe one way in which the government collects
statistics about the level of crime in society and explain
why this might not be an accurate picture of the number of
crimes committed. (5 marks)
3)
Describe one way in which crime and deviant behaviour
could have a negative impact on communities and explain
why this impact is seen as a problem by some members
of the public. (5 marks)
4) Discuss how far sociologists would agree that official
statistics give an accurate picture of the levels of crime in
society. (12 marks)