Download Chapter 6- Becoming Canada Name: Big Idea: How did the War of

Chapter 6- Becoming Canada Name: ________________
Big Idea: How did the War of 1812 and its political
consequences affect the developing Canadian identity?
VOCABULARY
Chateau Clique
Anglophone friends and relatives of the governor of Lower
Canada who were also members of Legislative council
Deadlock
A situation where no progress can be made
Discrimination
Unfair treatment of a person or a group based on prejudice
Family Compact
Anglophone friends and relatives of the governor of Upper
Canada who became members of Legislative council
Haven
A place of safety, refuge
Immigrant
A person who moves to a new country
Laura Second
Overheard that the Americans were planning an attack,
hiked 32 km to warn an outpost
Legislative Assembly
A gov’t group elected by voters in British North America or
in a province in Canada
Liberator
Someone who frees people from oppression
Lower Canada
Colony that is downstream from the St. Lawrence River
Patriots
A group of Canadien radicals led by Papineau who wanted
gov’t reform leading up to the rebellions of 1837
Personal Identity
A complex combinations of characteristics that together
describe a unique person
Polling stations
Location where people vote in an election
Quarantine station
Building or area where people suspected of carrying a
contagious illness are kept that they will not affect a
population
Reformers
Group of radicals in Upper Canada who wanted gov’t reform
leading up to the rebellions of 1837
Responsible government
Gov’t that must answer to elected representatives
Refugee
A person who flees to a country because he/she can no
longer live in safety in his/ her own country- war, torture,
famine
Secret ballot
A method used in elections so that a vote is kept confidential
Superficial Characteristics
A noticeable rather than meaningful feature
Tecumseh
Leader of the Shawnee people
Traitor
Someone who betrays one’s country or a trust
Underground Railroad
A secret network that transported enslaved African
Americans escapees to the British colonies where they could
be free
United Empire Loyalists
Inhabitant of the Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to
Britain during the American Revolution and fled to the
British North American colonies after 1776
Upper Canada
Colony that is upstream from the St. Lawrence River
Rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies – Britain’s Thirteen Colonies south of the St. Lawrence
River were _prosperous_. By 1765, they were growing _restless_ under _British_ rule.
Give 4 reasons the Thirteen Colonies were becoming restless with living under British control:
1.
2.
3.
4.
_only allowed to trade with Britain_____________________________
_high taxes on British imports________________________________
_wanted more control over own affairs_________________________
_Quebec Act gave Ohio River Valley to Quebec____________
In April of 1775, the first shots of the War of
__Independence were fired. The American rebels hoped the
Canadiens would _join_ their revolt. So first they captured
_Montreal_ and then they moved on to _Quebec City to do
the same.
Invaders of Liberators? Provide three reasons why the
invasion of Quebec city failed?
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The Seignueres __had influence in gov’t___________________________
Most Americans _were protestant, but Canadiens were Catholic___________
The Habitants __had regained language and religious rights___________
The Americans faced fierce __resistance_____ on the last day of _1775_ when they
attacked Quebec City in the middle of a blinding __snowstorm___. The rebels got _lost___
in the maze of narrow streets of the city and were easy
_targets__ for the British and _Canadien__ defenders. The
Americans called _off_ their _attack_. In 1783, Britain finally
_recognized_ the __United _States_ of America after many
years of fighting their _independence_.
Citizens Loyal to the King – What reasons did the United Empire Loyalists have for opposing
the war in the Thirteen Colonies?
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__didn’t believe in using violence______________________________
__business ties with Britain_________________________________
__part of British military__________________________
__enslaved African Americans seeking freedom_____________________
__First Nations who had lost lands to Americans________________
Why did most of the Loyalists seek the shelter and safety of Canada? What did the
American rebels do to them?
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__treated them as traitors___________________________________
__took their property and possessions__________________________
__beat and jailed them_____________________________________
__tarred and feathered them_________________________________
Loyalists Head to Nova Scotia – During and after the war, almost _40000___ Loyalists
migrated to the British North America. Many travelled to _Nova_ _Scotia_. Britain made
promises to _help_ the Loyalists. What did they say they would do?
__-give them free land and supplies_______________________________
Some got the land but many didn’t. Life was very _difficult__ for all, especially for the
_black_ Loyalists. Their land wasn’t very good for _farming__. When they farmed a plot of
land, they had to give _half_ the money they earned from their crops to the _landowners_.
They faced _racism and discrimination, but many _stayed__ and overcame the challenges
anyway.
New Colonies – Many of the Loyalists were _unhappy__ in Nova Scotia and they wanted their
own _colony__. In 1784, Britain agreed to _divide_ Nova Scotia into _two parts. The western
part would become _New _Brunswick_. Cape Breton Island become a separate colony and Ile
Saint-Jean was renamed _Prince__ _Edward__ _Island__.
Rose Fortune (1773-1864) Who was Rose Fortune? Where did she come from?
Why did she go to Nova Scotia? How old was she? What did she do when she got
there?
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__A slave from the U.S.____________________________________
__came to Nova Scotia with a loyalist family_____________________
__she was 10 years old__________________________________
__started her own business carrying luggage___________________
__became a police officer and joined the Underground Railroad______
The Loyalists Come to Quebec – Loyalists also went to _Quebec__ and waited for Britain to
help them. Most did not want to stay there because of the _French__ language, Roman
_Catholic traditions, and because all of the good _land__ had already been _taken__. The
Governor of Quebec, Sir __Frederick _Haldimand______, gave them land along the upper
_St. _Lawrence__ River and north shore of Lake _Ontario__. This land had belonged to the
__Anishinabe_ First Nations, but was traded for some _guns_ and other trade goods.
Building a Bilingual Country – Most of the Loyalists who came to Quebec spoke _English__
because they came from colonies that had British _traditions_ and _customs__. In Quebec,
the French formed the _majority_, so the Loyalists wanted a colony where they could keep
their own _institutions_. In 1791, the _Constitution_ _Act_ divided Quebec in two. The land
west of the Ottawa River became _Upper_ __Canada__ (now southern Ontario). The land
_east of the Ottawa River became _Lower_ Canada (now Quebec).
What do the terms Upper and Lower Canada refer to?
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__their position on the St. Lawrence River__________________________
__Upper Canada is upstream___________________________________
__Lower Canada is downstream (lower)__________________________
Conflict Renewed: The War of 1812
War broke out between Britain and the United States in 1812. Why couldn’t Britain and the
United States get along?
1. __Britain was at war with France. They stopped the Americans from trading with the
French__________________________________________________________
2. __British were kidnapping American sailors to serve in British navy____
3. __British were supporting First Nations in their struggle for
land___________________________________________________
4. __Some Americans wanted to take over the British colonies____________
The war began in _1812_ and the British wondered if they could count
on the _loyalty of British _North___ America.
Read the Biography of Tecumseh
When was he born? _1768__ When did he die? _1813___
Who was he? __leader of the Shawnee______________
What did he do when the war broke out in 1812? __joined the British
and led an army of 2000-3000 soldiers against the Americans_______
What did he accomplish? _won the battle of Detroit with General Brock_____
What happened to him? _died on the battlefield_____________________
Who was Laura Secord and what did she do?
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__1813 – she overheard the Americans planning an attack_____________
__hiked 32km through swamps and forests to warn the British of their plan_____
The War Unfolds – In _1813 a fleet of American ships in Lake Ontario fired
on the town of York, which is now called _Toronto___. The American soldiers
looted the _shops and houses, and they burned down the _government_
building. What did Britain do to retaliate in August 1814? __invaded
Washington D.C. and burned down the White House___________
The Impact of the War – The war of 1812 ended in a _deadlock_. The treaty of _Ghent_
ended the war in December of 1814. What did it require?
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_both sides returned any territories they had gained___________
_agreed to make the 49th parallel the political boundary from the Great Lakes to Rocky
Mountains________________________
The Americans thought they had _won_ the war, but the people of Upper and Lower _Canada
thought they did because they managed to stop an American attack for the _2nd_ time. The
First Nations could _not_ claim victory because about _15000_ of them died in the war. The
Americans refused to create a First Nations _state__ as had been proposed by the
_British_.
The Great Migration – After the war, Britain wanted to open up the back woods to farming.
Between _1815_ and 1850, about _800000_ immigrants came to the ports of _Halifax_,
Saint John, and Quebec from _England_, _Scotland_, Wales and _Ireland__. This became
known as the _Great_ _Migration_.
Why did so many people want to leave Britain to live in the colonies?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
_In Britain, population growing quickly, but few jobs________________
_Farmers being forced off land______________________
_Poverty and hunger (famine in Ireland)_______________________
_Ocean travel was safer with the war over________________________
_The colonies offered free land, new opportunities, a better life_________
Coming to the Colonies – Immigrants travelled from Britain to Canada by _ship_. It was a
long journey that lasted for many _weeks_. Most of the immigrants were very _poor_. Many
people _died_ on these voyages from _diseases_. These boats were called _coffin _ships.
Most immigrants travelled by _land from Quebec and Montreal to _Upper_ _Canada__.
At first, about _30000_ people arrived each year from Britain. Two-thirds were from
__Ireland_. By 1847, immigration from Ireland grew to _100000_ per year. There was a
_famine_ in Ireland because the _potato_ crop had failed. The Irish had nothing to _eat.
Then a _typhus_ epidemic broke out on board the ships and thousands died. What was Grosse
Ile, and what was its purpose? __A quarantine station where newcomers stayed until doctors
were sure they weren’t bringing in diseases to the colony._________________
Pioneer Life – What challenge did the newcomers face when they finally reached their plot of
land? __They had to clear the dense forest for farmland__________________
A Very British Colony – How did the arrival of so many people change the identity of British
North America?
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Newcomers - _opened up vast areas for farming_____________________
New industries - _logging and mining_________________________________
Towns - _sprung up_________________________________________
New jobs - _labourers, servants, doctors, teachers, loggers, miners_______
New British flavour - _customs, traditions, games, language_____________
The Underground Railroad – In 1833, Britain banned _slavery_ in all of its
_colonies__, including Canada, and it soon became known as a safe _haven___
for American slaves. Many slaves when north via the _Underground Railroad__.
This was a _secret network of people who would _hide_ fugitives during the
day and then move them at _night_ to the next station. In this time, more than
__30000__ former slaves reached British North America. In _1865, the
United States ended __slavery. While about half of the former slaves
_returned to the U.S., many of them stayed and created their own strong
communities and unique _identity_.
Divided Society – The population of British North America grew _rapidly_ and so did the
tensions. The Constitutional Act of _1791_ gave each of the British colonies a new form of
government consisting of a _governor_ and an _elected_ assembly.
Government in the Colonies – Although the Legislative Assembly was elected, who held the
real power? _The governor and the two councils_________________________
Council members were _anglophone_ (English speaking) friends and relatives of the
_governor_. In Lower Canada, they were called the _Chateau_ _Clique__ and in Upper Canada
they were called the _Family_ _Compact_. They passed laws that _favoured_ their own
_interests.
Explain why many colonists thought this was unfair. _Their own interests weren’t be fairly
represented.________
Rebellion in Lower Canada – By 1830, people in Upper and Lower Canada were _unhappy__.
Each group had different reasons for feeling this way. The group that was unhappy in Lower
Canada was called _Patriotes__. Their leader was __Louis Joseph Papineau_. They demanded
change in a paper called the Ninety-Two Resolutions. All of their demands were
__rejected___ by the British government. The British army crushed the uprising, and
Papineau __fled to the U.S.__.
Rebellion in Upper Canada – Rebellion was brewing in Upper Canada by _1834_. This rebel
group was called the _Reformers_ and was led by _William Lyon Mackenzie___. They wanted
to __overthrow__ the government. They were also defeated by the British army, and
Mackenzie also fled to the __United States__.
What was the lasting impact of the rebellions? Britain realized it need to _pay_ _attention_
to the complaints in the colonies.
The Road to Responsible Government
Lord Durham’s Report – The British government decided to find out more
about the _causes of the rebellions. They sent _Lord_ _Durham_ to Canada
to figure it out.
What two main recommendations for change did he make?
1. _Unite Upper and Lower Canada into a single colony_____________
2. _Grant the colonies responsible government_____________________
In 1841, the __Act of Union____ created a single colony with two _provinces____. Lower
Canada became _Canada_ _East_ and Upper Canada became _Canada_ _West_. The only
official language of the government was _English_. The Canadiens were very _unhappy__.