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Chapter 6: Becoming Canada
(122-144)
CHAPTER INQUIRY
How did the War of 1812 and
its political consequences
affect the developing
Canadian identity?
TERMS




Liberators
Invaders
British North America (BNA)
United Empire Loyalists
(Loyalists)
 Traitors
 Refugees
 Discrimination







Deadlock
Upper and Lower Canada
Chateau Clique
Family Compact
Reformers
Responsible Government
Quarantine Station
MAIN CONCEPTS
1. Rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies
2. Conflict Renewed: The War of 1812
3. The Great Migration
4. Divided Society
5. The Road to Responsible Government
PEOPLE
 Sir Frederick Haldimand
 General Isaac Brock
 Tecumseh
 Louis-Joseph Papineau (Lower Canada)
 William Lyon Mackenzie (Upper Canada)
 Think about this time period:
(1763-1850)
 What Happened?
Over 40,000 British Immigrants came to Canada during that
time! Also know as, REFUGEES!
BRITAIN
British Influences on
Canada:
Language, Religion, Ways
of Life
British influences on
Canada:
Language, Religion, Ways of
Life
CANADA
1. WAR
2. New Colonies Were Created
3. First Nations felt Betrayed by British
Government
4. Building a Bilingual Country
5. Government
Things are Heating Up!!!
 1774, Quebec Act.
 In 1775, a rebellion EXPLODED in Britain’s 13 Colonies!
 A HUGE migration of refugees came to Canada. That is many
new English speaking people.
 13 colonies south of the St.Lawrence were very prosperous, but
not happy.
 Only trade with the home country
 High taxes on imports
 The Quebec Act gave the Ohio Valley to Quebec, not the
Thirteen colonies.
 In 1775, the first shots of the War of Independence were fired!
 America rebels hoped the Canadiens
would join their revolt.
So…they:
1. Captured Montreal
2. Moved on to Quebec City
(The picture displays this fight. The
Americans ended up backing off, for now!)
Failed Invasion…
 1776, people from many
cultures lived in the
Thirteen colonies.
 Not all supported the
rebellion.
 United Empire Loyalists
all opposed the war.
 American rebels treated
loyalists as traitors
 Traitors were often tar
and feathered.
 Lost all property and
possessions
 Fled North and became
refugees
 This changed Canadian
identity.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Some did not believe in using violence to settle
disputes.
Some had business ties with the British.
Some were in military regiments that had fought on
the British side.
Some were enslaved African Americans seeking
freedom or a more welcoming society.
Some were First Nations peoples who had lost their
land to the Americans.
 Over 40,000 travelled to Canada (including blacks)
 Many traveled by ship to Nova Scotia
 Doubled the population of NS and created new communities, but
problems arose: They wanted their own COLONIES.
 Britain agreed:
1. 1784 (To Divide Nova Scotia into 2 parts)
1.
New Brunswick and Cape Breton. Ile Saint Jean became Prince
Edward Island
2. 1791 (To Divide Quebec into 2 parts- start of bilingualism)
1.
Constitutional Act
- Upper Canada (Land West of Ottawa river – Southern Ontario)
- Lower Canada (East of Ottawa River – old colony of Quebec)
 WHERE? BNA
 WHY COULDN’T THEY GET ALONG?
1. Britain was at war with France. It stopped
Americans from trading with the French.
2. The British were kidnapping American sailors to
serve in the British Navy.
3. The British were supporting the First Nations in the
struggle for land.
4. Some Americans wanted to take over Britain’s
Colonies.
Could the British count on loyalty??
 Most English colonists who moved to Canada were
Americans, they arrived after loyalists.
 Came for cheap land, not loyalty to Britain.
 More American colonists than loyalists.
 Atlantic colonies traded with the Americans
 New France was long lost, they are Canadians now,
not French.
#1 1812: Battle of Queenston
(1st Major Battle of War of 1812 in Ontario)
#2 1813: Battle in Moraviantown
(Tecumseh)
http://www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng/Topic/29
#3 1813: Battle of Chateauguay
(Montreal, Figure 6.14)
#4 1840: Battle of Saint-Eustache
(British troops set church on fire)
 Deadlock: This is how the War of 1812 ended.
 Treaty of Ghent ended war in 1814.
 Both sides had to return any territory they
gained.
 Both sides viewed it as victory.
 In the War…
About 15, 000 First Nations died.
 Plan was to fill colonies with people from:
Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and England, to live
on farmland.
 Big thing back then was FARMING.
 1815-1850 (35 years) more than 800,000
immigrants came to ports of Halifax, Saint
John, and Quebec City.
1. In Britain, the population was growing rapidly, but
jobs were scarce.
2. Farmers were being forced off the land.
3. Poverty and hunger were common. Ireland suffered
a terrible famine, forcing many rural people to flee.
4. With peace, ocean travel was now safer.
5. The colonies offered free land, new opportunities,
and a chance for a better life.
 “They brought a British flavour to their new communities.”
 Immigrants travelled to Canada by “coffin ships”, most
ending up in Quebec city and Montreal.
 “Canada became a haven for many former enslaved people.”
 In 1847, Irish potato crop failed, 100,000 set sail for North
America.
 1865 – United States ended slavery.
 Each colony had its own governor and an elected
assembly.
 Governor + 2 Councils = POWER
 Chateau Clique (Lower Canada)
 Family Compact (Upper Canada)
They both were Anglophone friends/relatives of the
Governor. They also passed laws that favored their own
interests.
 1874 – Voting remained public until then.
 92 Resolutions to the Assembly: Papineau
(Lower Canada: Fig 6.25)
 7th Report on Grievances: William Mackenzie
(Upper Canada: Fig 6.27)
Both leaders fled to the United States.
 1838 – Sent Lord Durham to Canada. He was a
wealthy British Noble and Politician.
 He made 2 recommendations for CHANGE:
1. Unite Upper & Lower Canada into a single colony.
2. Grant the colonies responsible government.
 1841 – The Act of the Union
 Combine upper and lower Canada.
 English became the official language of
government.
CANADA’S PEOPLES
 Epi. 5, 49:21-56:36)
 (Epi. 5, 3:20-8:27)
YOU TUBE CLIPS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fsfz3f18NxU
(War of 1812 – Arrogant Worms)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3spRxo4CKY
(Cause of War of 1812)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nRIQVNUI4I
(War of 1812)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9Tj477CHnc
(The Great Migration)