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Issue 1 Volume 1 School Newspaper The Drift of the Continents Deforestation Emily Bina Levi Bulik The continental drift is a theory Deforestation is the cutting that continents slowly shifted their down of forests for fire wood or positions due to movement of the for building proposes. tectonic plates. In the early 1900s Deforestation happens the an explorer and a scientist named most in rain forests.Forests are Alfred Wegner came up with the cut down for many reasons, but continental drift theory. most of them are related to He came up with this theory money or to people’s need to because he found evidence that provide for their families.The showed that fossils from South biggest driver of deforestation America, Africa, India, and is agriculture. Farmers cut Australia we almost identical. The forests to provide more room rock that the fossils were in were for planting crops or grazing also very similar. livestock. Often many small The continents moved my tectonic farmers will each clear a few plates moving. The earth is broken acres to feed their families by up into ten major tectonic plates cutting down trees and burning and about twenty smaller tectonic them in a process known as plates. These tectonic plates are “slash and burn” agriculture. very large slabs of rock. Boundaries are the point where the The quickest solution to tectonic plates meet. There is deforestation would be to three different kinds of boundaries: simply stop cutting down trees. convergent, divergent, and Though deforestation rates transform. A convergent boundary have slowed a bit in recent is when plate tectonics collide. A years, financial realities make divergent boundary is when plate this unlikely to occur. tectonics spread apart. A transform boundary is when the Deforestation is a particular plates slide past each other. concern in tropical rainforests During the continental drift many because these forests are of these boundaries were home to much of the world’s happening. biodiversity. For example, in the Amazon around 17% of the forest has been lost in the last 50 years, mostly due to forest conversion for cattle ranching. Deforestation in this region is particularly rampant near more populated areas, roads and rivers, but even remote areas have been encroached upon when valuable mahogany, gold and oil are discovered September 20, 2016 Geography The Land Of Volcanoes Alexandra Anderson Volcanoes are very interesting. They are formed when magma breaks through the crust. When lava flows evenly, it forms a plateau like shield. The ash eruptions can produce small cinder cone volcanoes. Volcanoes erupt because magma is breaking through the Earth's crust. Volcanoes can be active, dormant or extinct. An active volcano that erupts in the last few thousand years. A dormant volcano means that it has the potential to erupt again, but hasn’t recently. An extinct volcano is one that has no potential to erupt again. Volcanoes most commonly exist along or between tectonic plates. About 90% of volcanoes exists around the ring of fire. The Ring of Fire is located on the edge of the Pacific Ocean. 1,900 volcanoes are active around the world. A lot of other volcanoes are dormant, not active. No volcanoes are showing signs of exploding. Some volcanoes can become active in time. Hot rock in a cold world Brady Bartlett When thick magma and large amounts of gas build up under the surface, eruptions can be explosive, expelling lava, rocks and ash into the air. Less gas and more viscous magma usually mean a less dramatic eruption, often causing streams of lava to ooze from the vent.A large eruption can be extremely dangerous for people living near a volcano. Flows of searing lava, which can reach 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit or more, can be released, burning everything in its path, including whole towns. Boulders of hardening lava can rain down on villages. Mud flows from rapidly melting snow can strip mountains and valleys bare and bury towns while people are living there. Scientists estimate that more than 260,000 people have died in the past 250-300 years from volcanic eruptions and their aftermath.Although volcanoes are all made from hot magma reaching the surface of the Earth and erupting, there are different kinds. Shield volcanoes have lava flows with low viscosity that flow dozens of kilometers; this makes them very wide with smoothly sloping flanks When the Plates Move Kendra Kremer There are three layers of Earth, the core, the mantel, and the crust. The core is the center of Earth, it is mostly iron with some nickel and it is very hot. The mantel is the layer between the crust and the core. It is 1,800 miles thick, mostly solid, hard rock, but the top layer can be flexible. The crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth, it is about 5 miles thick below the ocean, and 22 miles thick under the land. According to the Plate Tectonics theory the crust and upper flexible layer of the mantel is not one thick layer of rock, it is actually 12 different moving plates. These plates will push together in a process called convection, move apart in a process called divergent, or one tectonic plate will slide under the other in a process know as subduction. These processes cause land forms to form. The Andes, Himalaya, Alps, and the Rockies were formed from processes like these. Islands such as Japan or Aleution Island have been formed by these processes too. Due to tectonic plate movement the Ring of Fire was created. This is a ring of volcanoes around the pacific ocean. Although earthquakes can happen anywhere on earth the most earthquake activity happens mostly in the Ring of Fire. Most of the earthquake activity happens hear because this is where many of the tectonic plates meet. As the plates move and bump into each other two plates might get stuck together, but the two plates will keep moving around. Once the movement becomes too much the plates will pull apart and cause an earthquake. Weathering Dalton Schmidt Weathering is the wearing away or change of the appearance or texture of an object by long exposure to the air.There are three main types of weathering, physical, chemical, and biological. In physical weathering rocks are broken down into smaller pieces, but the chemical composition stays the same.Things that cause physical weathering are temperature change, freeze-thaw, wind rain, and waves. Chemical weathering is when rocks are broken down by chemical change. Acid rain contributes to chemical weathering, but mostly depends on the type of rock, temperature, and the gases around the rock. Biological weathering takes place when rocks are worn away by living organisms. Trees and other plants can grow in the cracks of rocks, and then over time the roots break the rock apart. Volcanoes will erupt By: Jake Corbet Volcanoes form when magma breaks through the crust. Well when magma is on the surface it's called lava. Volcanoes did shape the Hawaiian islands. When the crust breaks, folds or move a volcanoes can form. The Ring of Fire is a bunch of volcanoes surrounding the Pacific plate. Volcanoes will form the land around them when they erupt the lava will add on to the crust. Volcanoes can stay the same for century's but change in seconds. Volcanoes have many different forms like the shield volcanoes, sratovolcano, cinder cone, lava dome, caldera, lava plateau. Did you know that there are 255 volcanoes United States and Alaska. About half of them are in Alaska alone. Ash in volcanoes can form lighting collision between rapidly moving ash particles can form electrical charges inside to build up a lighting bolt. The temperature of bassalt, the hottest type of lava an reach up to 2,150 degrease F. "Trees Today, Gone Tomorrow" Small organisms like algae, moss, and bacteria can grow on rocks, and produce chemicals that break down rocks. Small animals like mice, and rabbits can burrow underneath rock, and that can speed the formation of cracks in the rock. By: Evan Halvorson What happens when trees are cut down? The loss of trees can cause deforestation. Deforestation is the act of cutting down trees in an area. Deforestation can have a tremendous effect on humans and wildlife. There are many reasons why deforestation occurs, but most of the reasons relate to money or people's needs. The biggest reason for deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut down trees to provide more room for planting crops. Often many small farms will clear acres of trees by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as "slash and burn". What are some of the solutions to deforestation. No longer cutting down trees will help, but it won't do all of the work. The trend in reforestation areas has been driven by organizations such as the U.S. Forest Service and the Arbor Day Foundation. Trees are valuable to wildlife and humans. Trees provide homes for wildlife and give humans materials. As more trees are cut down wildlife will have no homes and humans will. have no materials. I hope that this article will make you think about how crucial trees are to this world . Where is your location? By: Matt Kowski Location is one of the five themes of geography.If you were wondering the five themes of geography are. The first theme is place the second is location, third is region, fourth movement, fifth is human environmental interaction. Location is a precise place like coordinates of a location. The coronates for st Augustine is latitude is 29.8894722 and longitude is –81.314444. I chose St. Augustine because I have been there. It’s a fort is Florida. This fort has two sisters in Porto rico. I have also been to those when I was a baby. St. Augustine was really cool we got to see how they fired the canons then we got to see some guy playing flutes.i also got to see where they stored the gun powder and the cannon balls.i have been to many locations in my life that . is way I choose location. WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF Chemical Weathering THE WORLD NEVER HAD By: Ryan Linstad PLATE TECTONICS? In this essay I will explain what By:Brandon Phan chemical weathering is about What is plate tectonics? Well and how It forms. By the end plate tectonics is a scientific of these three paragraphs you theory that describes the will be very educated on large-scale motion of Earths chemical weathering, what it lithosphere (outer layer). What is, how it forms, and why it this is saying is that plate happens. tectonics outer layer is made of plates, and overtime they Chemical weather is one of the have moved which is how we two forms of weathering. have big bodies of water in There are two forms of certain areas. weathering .The other form of Imagine if plate tectonics weathering is mechanical never existed, what would our weathering. Mechanical world look like? If we didn’t wreathing and chemical have plate tectonics moving, weathering are very different what else would have to from each other. Mechanical happen? weathering is when rock is If we did not have plate broken down or weakened tectonics, the big land masses physically by the forces of we have, would all be together nature and the earths natural to from an even bigger land processes on the land. mass. Everything in the middle of that land mass would never Chemical weathering happens see bodies of ocean. I think if when the rock and soil is we had one big land mass it broken down by chemical would not go well with our day reactions. One example of and age. Our generation loves chemical weathering is ice water and we like to go places. splitting a rock apart. When This would affect my life water sits on a rock and the because I would have to drive water turns to ice and then thousands of miles just to go turns to water it can brake the swimming. I would also have rock apart. This is a type of to move closer to the coasts to get water. Besides me, others would have to do the same if they wanted water How Erosion can create beautiful landforms on accident There is Erosion by three main things water, wind, and glaciers. Water being the major agent of erosion. Water movement has created the largest canyons, and the deepest valleys. One thing that helps create these landforms are sediments. Wind being the second major agent of erosion. It can be very bad for famers, but it also creates loess. Glaciers being the third major agent of erosion. Glaciers can create moraines. During, the Ice Age there were continental glaciers. Those were the main causes of erosion. Some of the greatest landforms were created by erosion. Baffin Island Waterfall was created by mainly glaciers. Outer Banks Sandbars were driven by ocean winds. Sand Tufa, wind removed the sand under the deposits. Erosion creates many beautiful land forms my favorite ones are the waterfalls. Also Arizona has amazing landforms like the rock formation they create the weirdest shapes. . By:Mariyah Anchondo Why Farmers hate Erosion!!! By: Brady Larson Why do farmers hate erosion ? Farmers hate erosion because erosion brakes down their fields. Erosion is the movement of soil or sediments to another location. From the help of weathering which is the brake down of rock. Erosion and weathering make the perfect team by braking down rock and moving it to another location. There is many types of erosion, but the main two types are wind and water erosion. Water erosion is the most effective on higher ground like hills. The water would wash the soil from the top of the hill to lower ground. On your farm water erosion is the biggest thing. Tillage can prevent erosion or advance erosion. No-till is the best way to stop erosion, but some places can't no-till. No-till works better in sandy soils because it dries out faster. The depth and how many passes you make with your chisel plow can vary in many ways to. If you dig to deep with your chisel plow you could bring up more good soil to be swept away. Erosion is a big thing in our country. We are always finding Glaciers: The Sinker of the Unsinkable By:Jon Haman Glaciers, big blocks of moving ice to most. Some people may even think of it has the thing that sunk the Titanic, but what a lot of people don’t know is that glaciers shaped a lot of North America. Glaciers cover 10% of land on Earth. They also hold 75% of the world’s fresh water. From the 17th to 19th century the world experienced, almost a mini ice age. Where the worlds temperature dropped which created the giant blocks of ice now in the North and South Pole. If they all melted the worlds ocean would rise about 70 meters. Glaciers often appear blue when they are very dense. When they become extremely dense, the ice absorbs a small amount of red light, leaving a bluish tint in the reflected light which is what we see. When the glaciers are white it mean it is filled with tiny air pockets. The longest glacier in North America is the Bering Glacier in Alaska, measuring 190 kilometers (118 miles) long. The Kutiah Glacier in Pakistan holds the record for the fastest glacial surge. In 1953 it raced 12 km in three months, about 367ft per day. Each summer in Washington State melting glaciers provide 470 billion gallons of water. The largest glacier is Lambert-fisher Glacier in Antarctica. Which is about 250 miles long, and 60 miles wide All about glaciers By:Briar Halberg Did you know glaciers are a huge event of erosion? There event of erosion because there huge slow moving sheets of ice. A the glaciers move they carry stuff with them such as rocks, soil, dirt ,and boulders. Did you know glaciers sculpted the earth, and shape where we live today? A glacier can't make itself unless it's above the snow line.Glaciers normally in mountain areas. For some examples are Sierra Nevada Mountains. Did you know that there are different types of glaciers? I actually did because I remember in some class in elementary we had to study about glaciers. Alpine glacier is a type of glacier. An alpine glacier is a glacier that forms by mountains. Anther type of glacier is continental glacier, witch is an on going mass of ice which is bigger than alpine glacier. When I think about glaciers I think about penguins and cold and Igloos.This is what I learned about glaciers. . What You Should Know About Erosion By: Brooke Aronson Erosion is the process of moving sediment from one location to another. The most important force of erosion is gravity. The amount of erosion by a stream depends on the velocity and volume of water flow. Erosion happens when running water, sea waves, wind, or glaciers pick up materials from the Earth's surface and carry them to other locations. It removes the topsoil first. Once this nutrient-rich layer is gone, few plants will grow in the soil again. Erosion is an important part of the cycle that has made and kept the earth a place where living things can survive. Without this process, the earth's surface would be barren rock, with no soil where plants can grow. Moving water such as rain, rivers, streams, and oceans, is the greatest cause of erosion. A time where erosion has appeared in my life was when we planted grass at my lake. A week later, three inches of rain fell and washed out the topsoil and the grass seed. When it dried we had to put a fabric barrier with straw inside it and that solved the problem and the grass grew Wild Volcanoes By: Alexis Herda I have never been anywhere out of North Dakota or Minnesota, so I have never seen a volcano in real life. I have always wondered what causes volcanoes, what makes volcanoes and what volcanoes do. Did you know that the tallest volcano isn’t in our solar system, it’s on Mars, its name is Olympus Mons, its elevation is 27km and it measures 500 km across. The term volcano actually comes from Vulcano, an Italian volcanic island, which was named after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. There are many volcanoes in a circular for and it’s called The Ring of Fire. I have learned stuff about volcanoes from reading about them, from school, and from my mom. Here’s an interesting fact: Types of volcano rocks are basalt, rhyolite, andesites, and plagioclase. The lava that comes out of volcanoes when they explode is very, very, very, very hot. It destroys everything in its path. It doesn’t really kill people, but it causes other things that do kill people, like tsunamis, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other things. Fun fact: The three major kinds of volcanoes are shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, and cinder cone volcanoes. The worst volcano killed 92,000 people in Indonesia.