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Transcript
Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Sixteen percent of total renewable electricity worldwide comes from hydroelectricity. Hydroelectricity is a term used in referring electricity generated by hydropower, the production of electrical power through the use of gravitational force of falling or flowing water. While observing the dense flow of water in the rain gutter during a heavy rain, the researchers have arrived to a study that will harness the hydropower from the falling rain into hydroelectricity by means of a device called rain gutter hydroelectric generator. The device consists of a turbine that will rotate, with the aid of the flowing water, and is connected to a spinning magnet that would generate magnetic flux to the copper wire to create electric current. The generated electricity would flow into a charger containing two AA batteries ready to be used during a power shortage. Background of the study Electricity can be generated from hydropower. With the aid of a dynamo and an external source of mechanical energy, electricity generation is possible. The generator has three essential parts: (1) the turbine, (2) the rotating part of the dynamo (rotor), (3) the stationary part of the dynamo (stator). The turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from the water flow with its blades just like of a fan. The turbine is connected in one end of a shaft into the rotor of the other end. The rotor rotates as the turbine turns. The rotor serves as the field coil that generates magnetic flux for the armature to interact with. The stator serves as the armature that interacts with the magnetic flux from the spinning rotor to create an electric current that will flow into a power line to be used or to be stored. From the online article of World Watch institute, constructions of hydropowerplants using the above principle to generate hydroelectricity have been present into at least 150 countries worldwide. But disadvantages started to sprung in the construction of these powerplants. Large bodies of land were submerges in construction of these powerplants to create dams. Submerged organic materials such as plants and trees undergo anaerobic decomposition that releases great amount of methane imbalancing the greenhouse cycle. And last, the need to relocate all people living on the planned reservoir. This study focuses on the construction of a simple hydroelectric generator that would not consume space to create dams but to be built on rain gutters to harness the hydropower of flowing water when raining base on the device's electromagnetism and the density of water. The electricity generated would flow into a charger containing two rechargeable AA batteries that can operate some devices such as flashlights and radio during a power shortage. Theoretical framework In 1831, using his "induction ring", Michael Faraday made one of his greatest discoveries - electromagnetic induction: the "induction" or generation of electricity in a wire by means of the electromagnetic effect of a current in another wire. The induction ring was the first electric transformer. In a second series of experiments in September he discovered magneto-electric induction: the production of a steady electric current. To do this, Faraday attached two wires through a sliding contact to a copper disc. By rotating the disc between the poles of a horseshoe magnet he obtained a continuous direct current. This was the first generator. From his experiments came devices that led to the modern electric motor, generator and transformer. Conceptual framework The prepared paradigm about rain gutter hydroelectric generator is as shown below. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Density of flowing water >heavy rain >typhoon Height of rain gutter >one-story house Amount of current generated >100-300mAh >300-500mAh >500-1000mAh >two-story house Frame 1 Frame 2 Figure 1 Research Paradigm in Presenting Factors Affecting the Amount CurrentGenerated by the Rain Gutter Hydroelectric Generator Frame 1 shows the independent variables of the study. These variables are the factors that affect the amount of current generated by the rain gutter hydroelectric generator such as the density of flowing water when raining and the height of the rain gutter. On the other hand, Frame 2 shows the dependent variables which consists of the amount of current generated by the device. Statement of the Problem The purpose of this study was to measure the current generated by the rain gutter hydroelectric. It seeks to answer the following questions: 1. Is there a significant difference in the current generated during different densities of falling rain? a. Heavy rain b. Typhoon 2. To which type of house would generate higher amount of electricity. a. One-storey house b. Two-storey house Hypothesis The density of the flowing water and the height of the rain gutter has no significant difference in the amount of current generated by the rain gutter hydroelectric generator. Significance of the Study This study is significant because it is the answer to the mentioned disadvantages of hydroelectricity powerplants. The device would not occupy too much space and does not need a reservoir but instead use the flowing water in their rain gutters as source of hydropower. There would be no anaerobic decomposition present because there is no need to sink plants and trees to form dams and cause large methane production. And there is no need to relocate residents because they can have the generator installed in their houses. The study will benefit most the places that regular rainfall occurs. Families with the rain gutter hydroelectric generator installed in their houses could use the generated electricity to charge the batteries during power shortage or black out. And last, it would help in renewing energy than burning fossil fuel and coals to generate electricity. Less burning, less carbon dioxide emissions, and less natural destruction. Scopes and Limitations The focus of the study and its main concern was to measure the voltage produced by an improvised hydroelectric generator installed in a rain gutter on different rain intensities, and different electromagnetism. It was not a requisite of the study to produce an ideal voltage and amount of electricity to fully operate some types of electronic devices at home. Definition of Terms Anaerobic decomposition is the breakdown of molecules into simpler molecules or atoms by microorganisms that can survive in the partial or complete absence of oxygen. A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. A battery charger is a device used to put energy into a secondary cell or rechargeablebattery by forcing an electric current through it. Density is a physical property of matter, as each element and compound has a unique density associated with it. Density defined in a qualitative manner as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of objects with a constant volume. A dynamo is a machine that produces electric currents. Electric current is the rate of charge flow past a given point in an electric circuit, measured in Coulombs/second which is named Amperes.The common symbol for current is the uppercase letter I. Electricity is a type of energy fuelled by the transfer of electrons from positive and negative points within a conductor. Gravitational forceis the force which attracts two bodies together based on the product of their masses and the reciprocal of the square of their distances. Electromagnetism is the science of charge and of the forces and fields associated with charge. Electricity and magnetism are two aspects of electromagnetism. Generator is an engine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction. Hydroelectric power plants are actually based on a rather simple concept of water flowing through a dam turns a turbine, which turns a generator. Hydroelectricity is electricity that is made by the movement of water. It is usually made with dams that block a river or collect water that is pumped there. When the water is "let go" the huge pressure behind the dam forces the water down shafts that lead to a turbine, this causes the turbine to turn, and electricity is produced. It is a form of renewable energy and reduces pollution. Hydropower (from hydro meaning water) is energy that comes from the force of moving water. The fall and movement of water is part of a continuous natural cycle called the water cycle. Induction ring is the basis for the transformer, which is used today in electric power systems to step up and step down voltages to different levels. Magnet is anything that carries a static magnetic field around with it. Magnetic flux is measurement of the quantity of magnetism, the description of how certain materials relate to magnetic fields. Mechanical energy is the energy acquired by the objects upon which work is done is known. Rain gutter is a narrow channel, or trough, forming the component of a roof system which collects and diverts rainwater shed by the roof. Renewable electricity is electricity that is produced using a fuel source that is renewable. Wind and biomass (such as growing and burning trees) are important examples; other examples include landfill gas and solar. Rotor is the rotating part of a mechanical device. Shaft is a solid or hollow cylinder or bar, having one or more journals on which it rests and revolves, and intended to carry one or more wheels or other revolving parts and to transmit power or motion; as, the shaft of a steam engine. Stator is The stationary part of a motor, dynamo, turbine, or other working machine about which a rotor turns. Turbines are used in boat propulsion systems, hydroelectric power generators, and jet aircraft engines, any of various machines in which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid, such as water, steam, or gas, is converted to rotary motion. Voltage is an electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts. Chapter 2 REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Literature Rain Gutter is a narrow channel, or trough, forming the component of a roof system which collects and diverts rainwater shed by the roof. The main purpose of a rain gutter is to protect a building's foundation by channeling water away from its base. They also help to reduce erosion, prevent leaks in basements and crawlspaces, protect painted surfaces by reducing exposure to water, and provide a means to collect rainwater for later use. Rain gutters can be constructed from a variety of materials, including cast iron, lead, zinc, galvanized steel, painted steel, copper, painted aluminum, PVC (and other plastics), concrete, stone, and wood. Water collected by a rain gutter is fed, usually via a downspout (traditionally called a leader or conductor), from the roof edge to the base of the building where it is either discharged or collected. A collection system strategy for water carried from rain gutters may include a rain barrel or a cistern, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gutter). Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water to the turbine, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity). Rain Pearson Earth Science 12th Edition (2009) the term rain is restricted to drops of water that fall from the cloud and have a diameter of at least 0.5 millimeter (0.02 inch). Most rain originates either in nimbostratus clouds or in towering cumulonimbus clouds that are capable in producing unusually heavy rainfalls known as cloudburst. Raindrops rarely exceed about 5 millimeters (0.2 inch) in diameter. Larger drops do not survive, because of surface tension, which holds the drops together, is exceeded by the frictional drag of the air. Consequently, large raindrops regularly break apart into smaller ones. Generator Generator is essentially an axle with many loops that rotates in a magnetic field. The axle is turned by some form of mechanical energy, such as a water turbine or a steam turbine, which uses steam generated from fossil fuels or nuclear energy. As the coil rotates in a magnetic field, a current is induced in the coil, (McGraw-Hill "Physical Science 9th edition"). Voltage Voltage can be generated at a powerplant, produced in an electrochemical reaction, or caused by light rays striking a semiconductor chip. It can be produced when an object is moved in a magnetic field, or is placed in a fluctuating magnetic field. In a dry cell, the voltage is usually between 1.2 and 1.7V, in a car battery, it is 12 to 14V. In household utility wiring, it is a low frequency alternating current of about 117V for electric lights and most appliances, and 234V for a washing machine, dryer, oven, or stove. In television sets, transformer converts 117V to around 450V for the operation of the picture tube. In some broadcast transmitter, the voltage can be several kilovolts. Voltage represents the driving force that impels charge carriers to move. If all other factors are held constant, high voltages produce a faster flow of charge carriers, and therefore larger currents, than low voltage, (McGraw-Hill “Teach Yourself: Electricity and Electronics 4th Edition). Related Studies Michael Faraday built two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation: that is a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire. Ten years later, in 1831, he began his great series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. Marasigan, et al. (2008), constructed an “Improvised Battery Charger” that converted the physical work done by the user to the bicycle into a useful energy by charging a battery and at the same time promoting healthy lifestyle and saving the environment. Valsorable et al. (2010), used in their study entitled "Pendulum Battery Charger" a magnetic coil that acts as a swinging pendulum to produce electricity. Aparan et al. (2012), construct an "Electric Generating-Step Platform" that produce electricity once a person steps on the platform. They used a dynamo to convert the Mechanical energy, produced by stepping on the platform, to electrical energy. Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This part of the research discuss about the research method used, the procedures in gathering data needed, the research instrument and the statistical treatment for the data. Research Designs The present study utilized the experimental method of research. According to Calmorin and Calmorin, as cited by Tobias (2012), this method of research is a problem-solving approach that the study is described in the future on “what will be” when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated. Its purpose is to discover the influence of one or more factors upon a condition, group or situation.In relation to the present research, the experimental method was utilized because it is the most appropriate with regards to the purpose of the researchers. Data Gathering The following are the steps, procedures, instruments and materials used in making the rain gutter hydroelectric generator. Table 1 Supplies, Materials, Tools, and Equipment Supplies and Materials Tools and Equipment >1 Improvised generator >Measuring tape >1AA battery charger >Metal roofing scissors >2m Steel wire >Pliers >2m Electric wire >Drill >1 Electric tape >Screw Driver >10pcs Screw >Saw >2PVC joint >Multimeter >20”x30”Galvanized Corrugated Metal Roofing Construction Procedure 1. Cut the blade of the electricfan blade. 2. Replace the blades with smaller blades with the plane facing each other perpendicular to the shaft just like a water wheel. 3. Install the improvised turbine into the shaft of the electric fan motor. 4. Remove the plug part of the battery charger. 5. Connect the extending wire ends of the motor directly into the wires of the charger. 6. Measure a cube from the iron roofing with a side of 9 inches to provide as a casing for the generator. 7. Bore holes the size of the PVC pipe passing from the top to bottom of the case where the turbine is located. 8. Install the generator in a household rain gutter at a height of 3feet from the ground. Try-out and Revisions First Trial. The researchers found out that the wires are too thin and long giving too much resistance for the current to pass through. The height of the falling water to the generator could affect the amount of electricity generated. Second Trial.The researchers replace the long thin wires with shorter and thicker wires for the electric current to pass through with less resistance. The device was also moved to 1 foot from the ground to have the water falling from a higher distance from the roof. Construction time frame It took ten (10) days to complete the “Rain Gutter Hydroelectric Generator”. Table 2 Activities Planning and designing Acquisition of supplies and materials used Preparing the tools and equipment Measuring and layouting Testing and revising Total Construction Time Frame Numbers of hours 24 72 Numbers of days 1 3 48 2 24 72 240 1 3 10 Statistical Treatment The researchers used the computed weighted mean as a statistical treatment. According to Ileto, as cited by Arban (2010), is a proportion or part considered in its quantitative relation to the whole.