Download REGENTS Review Homework

5/24/2016
Observations vs. Inferences
 Observations:
Earth Science
Regents Review
seen/measured based on
senses
 Inferences: assumption based on
__________________
Density
 ESRT
pg. ______
= mass/volume
 _________ density  sinks
 ________ density  floats/rises
 Density of water (ESRT pg. 1) = 1.0g/mL
WATER IS MOST DENSE IN LIQUID FORM (4OC)
 Pressure ↑, Density ____
 Temp. ↑, Density _____
D
Earth’s Changes
 Cyclic
 Predictable
 Ex:
1.
 2.
 3.
Rate of Change / Gradient
Measuring Earth
 ESRT
 Earth’s
 RoC
 In
pg. _____
or Gradient = Change in Values
(subtract)
distance or time
 Steep Slope/Gradient when isolines are
_____________________________
shape is an ______________________
a diagram it looks like a sphere/circle
 ESRT pg. ____ – mass, density, & diameter
 Evidence of shape: sinking ships, ALTITUDE
OF POLARIS =
____________________________
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Latitude / Longitude
Rotation
 Latitude
 Earth
drawn left to rt.; measures
above/below equator (0o)
 Longitude drawn up/down; join at poles;
___o each; time zones
 East – increase
West – less
 ANGLE OF POLARIS = DEGREES OF
LATITUDE IN NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
Revolution
 Orbit
around _________
 ESRT pg. 15
 Counterclockwise
 365.25 days
 Causes __________ & seasonal
constellations
 DO NOT CONFUSE ROTATION &
REVOLUTION
rotates (spins) on axis from ______ to
_______
 24 hours
 ESRT pg. 15
 Night/day; DAILY path of stars
 FOUCAULT PENDULUM = ROTATION
 CORIOLIS EFFECT = ROTATION
Spheres of Earth
 Atmosphere
– air; ESRT pages ___ & ____
– crust; ESRT pages ___, ___, & ___
 Hydrosphere – water; ESRT page ___ & ___ (currents)
 Lithosphere
Field Maps
Field Map Symbols
 Isolines
 Streams
– lines connection points of
____________________
 Isotherm (temp.)
 Isobar (pressure)
 Contour lines (elevation)
 You may be asked to connect the dots &
calculate the gradient (ESRT pg. 1)
flow from ________ to ________; a
V-shape will bend around and point in its
direction
 Depression lines at the top of a hill, show a
decrease in ________________ (volcano
hole)
 Closer the lines = _______________________
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Space
Stars
 Universe
 _____  Solar System  ______
are in the Milky Way Galaxy
 Sun is the ONLY STAR in our solar system
 ESRT pg. ____
 Retrograde – planets appearing to move
backwards in space when earth passes
them
 Energy
 We
 ESRT
Big Bang Theory
Seasons
 Galaxies/planets
 Proof:
 ______
formed by an explosion
Radiation
Shift: moving FURTHER away
 _______
shift means moving closer
KNOW THIS
comes from ________
pg. ____; luminosity, size, color, temp.
 Group forms a constellation
 Summer Solstice: June 21st
-sun rises ____ to ____; longest day
 Winter Solstice: December 21st
-sun rises ____ to____; shortest day; closest to sun
 Equinoxes: March 21st & Sept. 23rd
-sun rises______to _______
-equal day/night
 Equator always has _____ hrs. daylight
KNOW THIS
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Shadows
Ellipse
 Lower
 Shape
altitude of sun = longer shadow
shadows in __________
of earth’s _________
pg. ____
 Eccentricity = dist. Btwn foci/length axis
 The SUN is always one foci
 ESRT pg. ___
 Ecc. Close to ___ = circle
 Ecc. Close to ___ = line
 Longest
 ESRT
Winds
Tides
 Coriolis
Effect: winds curve to ________ in
Northern Hemisphere
 Winds to _______ in Southern Hemisphere
 Due
Eclipses
Insolation
 ________-
 Incoming
 ________
 _______/rough
sun, Earth, moon
– sun, moon, earth
to pull of ________ (earth/moon)
about every ____ hours
 Occur
Solar Radiation
texture: absorbs
 _______/smooth: reflect
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Air Moves
Air Pressure
 Clockwise,
 Pressure
Out of a High
Into a Low (low=left)
 Counterclockwise,
Weather
 Moves
to ________ in US
 When TEMP = ____________ Precipitation
 Air rises, cools, & expands
 Cold front: Temp. & humidity ↓, Pressure ↑
 Warm front: Temp. & humidity ↑, Pressure ↓
DECREASES with increased
humidity and altitude.
 Cool, dry = ________ Pressure
 Warm, humid = ________Pressure
 Wind results from pressure differences
 Named from the direction it is COMING
FROM
 Moves from HIGH to LOW pressure
 ESRT pg. _____
Weather Ref. Tables
 ESRT
pg. ____: Dew Point/Rel Humid.
****DON’T FORGET TO SUBTRACT TOP #****
 ESRT pg. ___: Symbols, Thermometer, Pressure
-USE a RULER to convert temp. & pressure
Windward / Leeward
 _______________:Humid,
cold, air rises,
precipitation
 _______________:Dry, warmer air sinks
Porosity
 Space
between particles/soil
porosity:
-____________
Porosity
-Loosely Packed
-___________-Sorted
SIZE DOESN’T MATTER
 More
Particle Size
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Permeability
Capillarity
 Ability
for water to move through
permeability:
-_____________ particles
-Unfrozen
 Ability
for water to move ___________
capillarity:
-____________ particles
 More
Permeability
 More
Capillarity
Particle Size
Particle Size
Infiltration
Run-Off
 Infiltration ________________ when:
-has vegetation
-unfrozen
-flat ground (no slope)
-unsaturated
______________ when:
-no vegetation
-frozen
-steep slope
-already saturated
slope
Slope
vegetation
 Run-off
Run-off
Infiltration
Infiltration
Evapotranspiration
Temp. Moderation
 Evaporation
BODIES
(water to gas/vapor)
(evap. through plants)
 INCREASES as TEMP. ___________________
 Transpiration
OF WATER _____________
CLIMATE!!!
 Coastal
cities have warmer winters &
cooler summers b/c of the
_____________________________________!
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Chemical Weathering
Physical Weathering
 Changes
 Broken
 Occurs
chemical make-up
in _______________________climates
into smaller pieces
area _________, MORE
WEATHERING
 _______________________climates
 FROST WEDGING
-water expands when frozen and cracks
rock
 Surface
Erosion
Streams
 Movement
of weathered sediment
(force)
 __________________- #1 AGENT OF
EROSION
 Velocity
 Gravity
 Meanders
Deposition
Minerals
 Inside
 ESRT
 Occurs
 Properties
stream meanders
when streams meet large bodies
of water
-___________ particles dropped 1st
-___________particles dropped LAST
 Water sorts particles: large on
bottom/small on top
________________ with steep slope
(bends) slow streams
(older/flatter)
 Erosion on _____________ CURVES
 Deposition _____________ CURVES
 ESRT pg. ___ (particle transport & velocity)
pg. ____
depend on
_____________________________________
 Mostly silicates (silicon & oxygen)
 NOT ROCKS! (they make-up rocks)
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Rocks
Sedimentary
 ESRT
 Formed
Igneous
Metamorphic
 Cooling
 ESRT
pages ___ & ___ – KNOW THESE
TABLES
& Solidification of
________________
 Cools fast (extrusive): small/no/fine
crystals
-air pockets (pumice)
 Cools slow (intrusive): large (coarse)
crystals
-ex: granite
 MINERALS they contain are below
Landscapes
 Arid
(_____) – steep slopes & sharp angles
– smooth & rounded
 Humid
from sediments cemented
together or evaporates (salts)
 Usually have fragments, fossils, and/or
layers (_________)
 Change through contact metamorphism
(listed on meta. Table)
pg. _____ & _____
& Pressure
 CONTACT METAMORPHISM (bottom of
table)
 Banded & distorted
 Heat
Mid-Ocean Ridges
 New
Earth being created due to convection
currents in _______________________
 Sea-floor spreading (Divergence)
 Magnetic fields reversed
 New – center; Old - edges
 ESRT pg. ____
 TRENCHES are opposite – earth destroyed by
subduction
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Seismic Waves
 P-Waves
faster; travel through liquid, solid, & gas
 S-Waves DO NOT travel through liquid (outer core)
 You need _____ seismometer readings to determine
epicenter
 ESRT pg. ____
 GAP – subtract P & S arrival time & use paper to
slide btwn lines for distance
Plate Tectonics
 Convection
Currents in mantle move
plates
 3 Types of boundaries: divergent,
convergent, transform ESRT pg. ____
 Mountains form by __________
 Transform boundaries - earthquakes
Half Life
Superposition
 ESRT
 Old
pg. ____
BE CHANGED – constant #
 Carbon-14 (5,700 yrs.) used for dating
objects less than ____________ yrs.
 Uranium-238 for old rocks
 CAN’T
on _________, Young on _________ of
strata (layers)
 Intrusions & Faults are YOUNGER than the
rock they cut through
 Contact meta. occurs w/ intrusions
Index Fossils
 ESRT
pg. ____ & _____
to date Rocks relatively
 Lived for _______________over a
_______________________.
 Used
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