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Regular/Advanced Physical Science EOC Study Guide
EOC Test Date: May 19, 2015
There will be a total of 40 questions.
Topics to include:
 Experimental Design
SC.8.N.1.1 Define a problem from the eighth grade curriculum using appropriate reference materials to support
scientific understanding, plan and carry out scientific investigations of various types, such as systematic
observations or experiments, identify variables, collect and organize data, interpret data in charts, tables, and
graphics, analyze information, make predictions, and defend conclusions. (8 questions)
o Evaluate a scientific investigation using evidence of scientific thinking and/or problem solving
o Identify variables in a given scenario
 Test variables (independent variable)- the variable that is deliberately changed
 Outcome variable (dependent variable)- the variable that is measured.
o Interpret & analyze data (graphs, tables, charts etc.)to make predictions and/or defend conclusions
o Distinguish between an experiment & other types of scientific investigations where variables
cannot be controlled.
Factors in an Experiment
Dependent (outcome) Variable: factor being measured (also called outcome variable), always indicated on the y axis when
graphed
Independent (test) Variable: factor being altered (also called the test variable), always indicated on the x axis when
graphed
Control: standard used for comparison to the experimental data
Constant: factor(s) that does not change so that a relationship between the independent and dependent variables can be
established
Good experiments have many CONSTANTS and only change ONE variable at a time (test
variable). This creates a FAIR test and gives you more VALID data.
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Scientific theories
SC.6.N.3.1 Recognize and explain that a scientific theory is a well-supported and widely accepted explanation of
nature and is not simply a claim posed by an individual. Thus, the use of the term theory in science is very different
than how it is used in everyday life. (1 question)
o Definition of theory- A scientific theory is a broad explanation that is widely accepted because it is
supported by a great deal of evidence. Because it is so well supported, a scientific theory has a
very good chance of being a correct explanation for events in nature. **Remember a SCIENTIFIC
LAW is a statement based on repeated experiments under similar conditions.
o Does a scientific theory need to be supported by evidence? Yes. It is well founded and supported.
o Can a scientific theory change? Explain why or why not. Yes. However, it is difficult because it is so
well tested. However, if new discoveries are made, an entire theory does not necessarily need to be
thrown out.
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Theories can be modified to take into account new information and new scientific
knowledge (see the next benchmark!!!).
o How is the use of the term scientific theory different from everyday usage?
In everyday usage, we refer to theories as hunches or guesses. This is not the case, scientifically.
Scientific theories are well founded, well researched, and provide us with great explanations into various
scientific phenomena.
o Give examples of well-known scientific theories. Some examples are given below.
 Big Bang theory
 Cell theory
 Plate Tectonic theory
 Atomic Theory
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Scientific knowledge
SC.6.N.2.2 Explain that scientific knowledge is durable because it is open to change as new evidence or
interpretations are encountered. (1 question)
o Give examples of Scientific Knowledge.
Science is based upon a systematic process of inquiry; it is grounded in evidence. Evidence is the basis for all
scientific understanding. Through repetitive trials and repeated experiments, different scientific theories have been
created and scientific laws have been proven.
o Can scientific knowledge change? Explain.
Everything in our natural world is open to change, as new evidence or information is found. As we develop new
technology, we can begin to study the world more deeply.
 Example: development of the telescope. Before the telescope was invented, the only way humans could
study the stars and planets was by using observations they made with their eyes. When the telescope was
invented, it improved the ability of humans to see things that were farther away. This led to new discoveries
and a deeper understanding of our solar system, galaxy, and universe.
Video to help with understanding of this benchmark: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhU6MXyzLR4
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Atomic Theory
SC.8.P.8.1 Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic theory) by using models to explain the
motion of particles in solids, liquids, and gases. (5 questions)

Understand the atomic theory using models to explain the motion of molecules of matter
o Define: solid, liquid, and gas.
o How do particles move in solids, liquids, and gases? Describe the forces of
attractions in solids, liquids, and gases.
Solid—vibrate—strong force of attraction
Liquid—move and flow—medium force of attraction
Gas-Move very quickly, least force of attraction
o Describe the arrangement of molecules in solids, liquids, and gases.
o Describe the kinetic energy of particles in solids, liquids, and gases.
Solid—least amount of moving energy
Liquid—medium amount of moving energy
Gas—most amount of moving energy
o Define: melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, and deposition.
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Melting – Solid to liquid, molecules move FASTER, get FURTHER apart, LESS organized
Freezing – liquid to solid, molecules more SLOWER (but do NOT stop), CLOSER together, MORE organized
Evaporation – liquid to gas, molecules move FASTER, get FURTHER apart, LESS organized
Condensation – gas to liquid, molecules move SLOWER, CLOSER together, MORE organized
Sublimation-solid straight to a gas…skipping the liquid phase.
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Deposition—gas to a solid…skipping the liquid phase.
o What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?
o What happens to energy during melting and evaporation? See Below… Energy keeps constant during
change of state. …see how it is a flat line?
o What happens to energy during freezing and condensation? See Below….Energy keeps constant during
change of state. …see how it is a flat line?
o What happens to temperature during change of state? See below---Temperature keeps constant during
change of state…..see how it is a flat line?
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Energy
SC.6.P.11.1 Explore the Law of Conservation of Energy by differentiating between potential and kinetic energy.
Identify situations where kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy and vice versa. (7 questions)
o State the Law of Conservation of Energy.
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Can energy be created? NOPE
Can energy be destroyed? NOPE! Only changed and converted.
o Differentiate between potential energy and kinetic energy.
Potential energy is stored energy. Kinetic energy is energy in motion.
o What are the two factors that determine an object’s kinetic energy?
Mass (gravity) and the speed of the object.
o What are the two factors that determine the object’s potential energy?
Height and Mass (gravity) of the object.
o Label / identify potential energy and kinetic energy on a diagram / illustration.
o Understand and explain how energy is transformed (changed).
As potential energy is at its highest (due to mass and height), kinetic is at its lowest due to mass and speed (velocity). As
an object begins to drop, it gains kinetic energy (as it moves faster) and loses potential energy as it loses height.
o Give examples of potential and kinetic energy.
Potential—Rock on top of a hill, runner in a starting block
Kinetic—Rock rolling down the hill, Boy running down the road
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Motion
SC.6.P.12.1 Measure and graph distance versus time for an
object moving at a constant speed. Interpret this relationship.
(2 questions)
o Distance – Time Graph
 Measure and graph the movement of an
object which travels at a constant speed
 Interpret the relationship of distance versus time
 Draw a distance vs. time graph and show constant speed. Explain it. Add a line with a different
color showing speed changing. Explain it. *Make a KEY!
Example
o
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Acceleration – Time Graph
Measure and graph the movement of an
object which travels at a constant speed
Interpret the relationship of acceleration
versus time.
Draw a speed vs. time graph and show
constant speed. Explain it. Add a line with
a different color showing positive
acceleration, and one showing negative
acceleration. Explain them. *Make a KEY!
Law of Conservation of Mass
SC.8.P.9.1 Explore the Law of Conservation of Mass by demonstrating and concluding that mass is conserved
when substances undergo physical and chemical changes. (5 questions)
o What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
Law of Conservation of Mass:
matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed or converted. The total mass in a
chemical change will stay the SAME! If the mass has changed, it is because it left the system and NOT because it was
destroyed. For example…vinegar and baking soda (a liquid and a solid) combine. Bubbles form and gas escapes (If it is
not contained in a closed system (like a jar with a lid)).
o Differentiate between physical and chemical change.
o Describe what happens to missing atoms / missing mass after a chemical change occurs in an open
container.
Open container—gases escape—see above….but mass cannot be created nor destroyed.
o Predict how the mass of a substance will change after a physical change occurs.
The mass will not change. A physical Change does not alter the arrangement of the atoms. Mass cannot
be created nor destroyed.
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Forces
SC.6.P.13.1 Investigate and describe types of forces including contact forces and forces acting at a distance, such
as electrical, magnetic, and gravitational. (5 questions)
o Describe / identify types of forces
Contact forces
Forces acting at a distance
Have to touch
Friction- The friction force is the force exerted by a Electrical-moving charges, attracting electrons to
surface as an object moves across it or makes an flow current.
effort to move across it.
Magnetic-can attract or push away another
Applied – A force that is applied to an object by a magnetic object.
person or another object. If a person is pushing a
desk across the room, then there is an applied force
Gravitational-The force of gravity is the force with
acting upon the object. The applied force is the force
which the earth, moon, or other massively large
exerted on the desk by the person.
object attracts another object towards itself. By
Normal- the support force exerted upon an object definition, this is the weight of the object.
that is in contact with another stable object. For
example, if a book is resting upon a surface,
then the surface is exerting an upward force
upon the book in order to support the weight of
the book.
Spring( elastic)the force exerted by a
compressed or stretched spring upon any object
that is attached to it. An object that compresses
or stretches a spring is always acted upon by a
force that restores the object to its rest or
equilibrium position.
Air resistance ( Drag)- a special type of frictional force
that acts upon objects as they travel through the air.
The force of air resistance is often observed to
oppose the motion of an object.
o Describe the relationship among distance, mass, and gravitational force between any two objects.
o Explain the difference between mass and weight.
Mass ≠ Weight
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Mass = amount of matter in a substance; measured in kilograms (kg)
Weight = force on that matter by gravity; measured in Newtons (N)
Gravity on Earth is 6 times greater than gravity on the Moon. Weight changes when gravity changes. Mass
does not change.
GRAVITY changes based on distance and mass of the objects. The CLOSER and MORE MASSIVE the objects
are, the MORE gravitational attraction there will be between them.
o Understand the Law of Universal Gravitation
ALL objects attract each other with a force of gravitational attraction. Gravity is universal. This force of
gravitational attraction is directly dependent upon the masses of both objects and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance that separates their centers.
See image above. It sums it up!
Larger masses = more gravitational attraction.
Further distance = less gravitational attraction.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
SC.7.P.10.1 Illustrate that the sun's energy arrives as radiation with a wide range of wavelengths, including infrared,
visible, and ultraviolet, and that white light is made up of a spectrum of many different colors. (2 questions)
o Identify, compare & contrast the variety of types of radiation present in radiation from the sun
 Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultra-violet, x-ray, gamma
o Identify common uses / applications of EM waves
o Order of frequencies & wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum
 Label the electromagnetic waves in order of increasing/decreasing frequencies.
 Label the electromagnetic waves in order of increasing/decreasing wavelength.
 Label the electromagnetic waves in order of increasing/decreasing energy.
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Heat
SC.7.P.11.4 Observe and describe that heat flows in predictable ways, moving
from warmer objects to cooler ones until they reach the same temperature. (4
questions)
o Compare how heat energy is transferred through radiation, convection,
and conduction.
Initial Heat Transfer
Transfer of heat through solids
o Describe how heat flows
Transfer of heat through fluids
(gases and liquids)
o Can adding heat to or removing heat from a system
result in a temperature change? That is how you
measure the amount of heat in something, so yes!
o Can adding heat to or removing heat from a system
result in a change of state?
Yep! Remove heat, the temperature will drop. If it drops lower than the freezing point, change of state!
Same thing works for adding heat. Add enough heat to boil, and it will evaporate!
o
What is specific heat?
The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature
by one degree Celsius.