Download CARBOHYDRATES

Macromolecules
Carbohydrates and Lipids
What does organic mean?
• Organic molecules contain
CARBON atoms.
• All organisms are composed of
organic molecules!
• Made of smaller units that bond
to form larger molecules.
• Energy is stored in these bonds!
Organic Molecules=Macromolecules
• The amount of energy stored in
bonds varies within different
kinds of organic molecules.
• CALORIC VALUE: The
amount of energy stored in each
organic molecule.
– Carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins all have a caloric
value.
Polymer vs. Monomer
Polymer (macromolecule)
• Definition:
– Made up of many, small
repeating molecular units of
monomers.
Monomer
• Definition:
– The simplest unit of a
polymer.
• Example: amino acid
• Example: protein
• Structure:
• Structure:
Carbohydrates
CARBOHYDRATES: Elements
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
Carbohydrates: Monomer
• Monosaccharide (C6H12O6)
CARBOHYDRATES: Caloric Value
• Four (calories/gram)
• What happens if an organism
has a greater supply of
carbohydrates than needed for its
energy requirements?
– It is converted to fats and
stored by the body.
CARBOHYDRATES: Storage
• Stored in plant cells as starch
• Stored in animal cells as glycogen
• These stores can be used as fuel later on
CARBOHYDRATES: Function
• Short-term energy
(quick burst)
• Primary energy source
of most organisms.
• Structure in cell walls of
most plants
CARBOHYDRATES: Examples
• Examples:
– Sugars
– Starches
– Cellulose
– Glycogen
CARBOHYDRATES:
as structural helpers
• In plants, cellulose is the polysaccharide used
for structure in the cell wall.
• In animals such as insects, chitin is the
polysaccharide used for structure in
exoskeletons.
CARBOHYDRATES: Side Notes
• In plants, carbohydrates are
broken down during
photosynthesis.
• During digestion in the human
body, carbs are broken into
simple sugars where they can
be absorbed into the
bloodstream for energy.
Lipids
LIPIDS: Elements
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
LIPIDS: Monomer
• Made up of two
components:
– Glycerol
– Fatty Acids (3)
LIPIDS: Caloric Value
• 9 (calories/gram)
• More carbon-hydrogen
bonds
LIPIDS: Function
• Long-term energy storage
• Insulate and waterproof an
organism
• Cushioning of vital organs
• Serve as major component of
cell membranes
• Building blocks of cholesterol
LIPIDS: Examples
•
•
•
•
•
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Butter
Anything that is
greasy
LIPIDS SIDE NOTES: Difference between Saturated
and Unsaturated Fats
• Saturated: carbon atoms are
all in SINGLE BONDS.
• Normally in solid form.
• Unsaturated: carbon
atoms have a DOUBLE
BOND.
• Normally in liquid form.
Show Chick-fil-A website!!
LIPIDS VS. CARBS: SIDE NOTES
• Carbohydrates are
SOLUBLE in water.
• Lipids are INSOLUBLE in
water.