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Classification/Taxonomy
Chapter 18
Why Classify?
Taxonomy
Discipline of classifying
organisms and assigning each
organism a universally
accepted name.
Defined:
Why common names don’t work
Common names vary among languages and regions.
Example:
United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk
United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture
Red-tailed Hawk
Honey Buzzard
Turkey Vulture
Aristotle 384 BC


1st scientist to Classify
organisms
either plants or
animals
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Carolus Linnaeus

(1707 – 1778)

Created the system of naming we use today.

In taxonomy, a group or level of
organization is called a taxonomic category
or taxon.
Binomial Nomenclature
“Bi” means 2
 “nomial” means number
 “Nomen” means name
 “Clature” means the system of

Defined:
In binomial nomenclature, each
species is assigned a two-part
scientific name.
Binomial Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus
 In binomial nomenclature, each species
is assigned a two-part scientific name.

The scientific name is always written in italics
or underlined.
 The first word (the genus) is capitalized
 The second word (the species) is lowercased.
EX- Genus species or Genus species
Humans- Homo sapien

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Example of Binomial Nomenclature
 Polar Bear is Ursus maritimus

Ursus: genus
Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears

maritimus: species
The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea.
Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.
Linnaeus's System of Classification
Linnaeus had 7Kingdom “King
Phylum
Phillip
Class
Came
Order
Over
Family
For
Genus
Great
Species
Spaghetti”


A group or level of
organization is called
a taxonomic category,
or taxon
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Definitions to know
 Genus: is a group of closely related species
 Species: Group of similar organisms that can
breed and produce fertile offspring
 Family:
Group of genera that share many
characteristics
 Order:
Group of similar families
 Class:
Group of similar orders
 Phylum:
Group of closely related classes
 Kingdom:
Largest taxonomic group,
consisting of closely related
Here We Go…
Polar Bear
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species: maritimus
What do these mean?...lets see
What they mean
*Do NOT have to write*
Kingdom: Animalia (there are 6 kingdoms)
Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)
Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)
Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)
Genus: Ursus (kind of bear)
Species: maritimus (lives in marine environment)
How to remember:
King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Rules of the Game
Uniqueness: Every name has to be unique.
Universality: Zoologists have adopted, by international
agreement, a single language to be used on a
worldwide basis. All animals are given a generic
(common name) and specific name in Latin (scientific
name).
These names are in italics or are underlined
(i.e. Homo sapiens).
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Modern Three-Domain System



As scientists further analyzed cell structure
and DNA , a broader category was addedThe domain is the most inclusive taxonomic
category; larger than a kingdom
The three domains are:

Bacteria : kingdom Eubacteria

Archaea,: kingdom Archaebacteria;

Eukarya :Kingdom ANIMALIA, protista,
fungi, plantae (all have eukaryotic cells)
Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and
Three Domains
Section 18-3
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
DOMAIN
EUKARYA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Go to
Section:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Modern 6 Kingdom System

Recently, as evidence about microorganisms
continue to accumulate, biologists came to
realize that the Kingdom Monera were
composed of 2 distinct groups.

The 6-Kingdom system of classification
includes kingdoms:
1. Eubacteria
4. Fungi
2. Archaebacteria
5. Plantae
3. Protista
6. Animalia
6 Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Autotroph or
heterotroph
“Ancient Bacteria”
Most
common
bacteria
E. ecoli
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph/ Heterotroph
heterotroph
Includes
Algae
Live in very
hot places
Don’t
belong in
other euk
Pyrococcus furiosus
Paramecium
No cell wall
Release
enzymes
to digest
food
Cell walls
&
Chloroplasts
H. coccinea
Fern frod
No
chloroplasts
Multicellular
Homo sapiens
Checkpoint Questions:
1. How are living things organized for
study?
2. Describe the system for naming species
that Linnaeus developed.
3. What are the seven taxonomic categories
of Linnaeus’s classification system?
4. Why do scientists avoid using common
names when discussing organisms?
5. What is significant about members of
the same species?
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