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Chapter 3 Study Guide
Name: ______________________
Date: ___________ Per:________
Lesson 1: Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
A. Sexual Reproduction
1. ___________________________ is the production of an offspring that combines genetic material from
two different cells.
2. Fertilization is the fusing together of ___________ and ____________ cells to make a ______________,
which develops into a new organism.
3. Sexual reproduction is the ___________ __________ form of reproduction in eucaryotes ( _________ &
__________)
a. In a population of any species that reproduce sexually, no two individuals except ____________
_________ have the same mix of __________ ___________.
b. Sexual Reproduction creates genetic variation, which helps populations survive changing
_________________ conditions and _____________.
4. The major disadvantages of sexual reproduction are the need to get _________ and ________ together for
fertilization, and the time needed for organisms to reach an age when they can __________________.
B. Importance of Meiosis
1. ___________________ is the cell division that produces sperm or egg cells in sexually reproducing
organisms.
2. Meiosis ensures that a species’ offspring will inherit the correct number of _______________________.
3. Recall that homologous chromosomes are _____________ in size shape and genetic material.
4. A __________ cell (these are all cells except sperm and egg) in an organism contains pairs of chromosomes
that equal the chromosome number of that organisms species. The diploid human cell has _____ pairs of
chromosomes; the chromosome number for humans is _____.
5. Sperm and egg cells contain ______ chromosomes, one from each ______________ _______ of
chromosomes .
6. A cell that contains one chromosome from each homologous pair is called a ________ cell.
7. It is important that offspring inherit the ________ chromosome number for their species. Because the
sperm and egg are _________, fertilization creates a zygote with the correct number of ________________.
C. Phases of Meiosis
1. In meiosis division of the nucleus and cytokinesis happen _________. These two processes are called
______________ and _________________.
D. Meiosis results in _______ haploid daughter cells from ________ diploid parent cell.
1. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosome pairs, Meiosis II separates ________ ___________.
E. Meiosis Summary
1. Sperm and egg cells are produced by ___________.
2. All eggs and sperm produced by an organism are _______________.
3. Each zygote produced by sexual reproduction from the same parents will inherit different __________
___________.
4. This genetic variation can be important to the _________ of a species.
Lesson 2: Plant Reproduction A. Reproduction of Seedless Plants
1. Not all plants grow from __________.
2. The first plants to inhabit the Earth were probably _______________ plants. ___________ and ferns are
examples of these types of plants.
B. Reproduction of Seed Plants
1. Plants that grow from seeds, called seed plants, are divided into two groups: _______________seed plants
and ____________________seed plants.
2. Sperm cells form inside a hard, protective structure called a _________ _______.
3. Egg cells form inside a female reproductive structure called an _________.
4. In __________________, a pollen grain from the male structure reach the female structure.
5. When sperm enters the ovule (the structure where the egg is) _____________occurs and a seed develops.
6. A seed consists of an ___________, a food supply, and a protective ________________.
C. Flowerless Seed Plants ( ____________________ ) – cone producers
1. Male cones produce __________ ______ and female cones produce _______.
2. _________ form as part of the female cone.
D. Flowering Seed Plants (Angiosperms) - ___________ producers
1. Fruits and ____________ come from angiosperms. Many _________ depend on angiosperms for food.
2. The flower’s male reproductive organ is the __________, the female organ is the _________.
3. Pollen grains form in the _________ at the stamen’s tip.
4. The _____________ is the long stalk that connects the anther to the base of the flower.
5. The pollen grain lands on the pistil’s _________ , at the top of a long tube called the _____________.
6. A ________ ________ grows from the pollen grain down into the stigma, down the style, to the ovary,
where ___________________ of the haploid egg located inside the ___________ occurs.
7.Each ovule and its embryo will become a _________.
8.The ________/_______ of the plant protects the seed and helps with seed dispersal.
Lesson 3 – Animal Reproduction
A. Animal Reproductive Organs
1. Male and female organisms have reproductive organs called ________________.
2.Male gonads called _________, produce ________; female gonads called _________ produce eggs.
B. Fertilization
1. _______________ fertilization takes place inside the body of an organism. This ensures the embryo is
________________ until it leaves the mother’s body, increasing the offspring’s chance to ___________ and
_______________________.
a. ______________,____________,____________,___________,___________ have internal fertilization.
2. ___________________ fertilization takes place outside of an organism’s body.
a. The female usually releases ______ into water when the male releases ________.
b. Animals that reproduce by external fertilization include __________,_________, _____________,
__________, ___________________________________________and _____________.
c. Because these animals do NOT care for the eggs or newly hatched young, successful reproduction
requires that a large number of ___________ be produced so that at least a few will _________ to
become adults and ______________.
Lesson 4: Asexual Reproduction
A. What is Asexual Reproduction
1. _________ ________________ produces offspring from a SINGLE PARENT that is ____________ to the
parent organism.
2. Asexual reproduction takes _______ time and energy than sexual reproduction, and organisms that are
well- ______________ to the environment always produce well adapted offspring.
3. Lack of genetic ____________ makes populations more susceptible to disease, changes in the environment
and harmful _______________.
B. Types of Asexual Reproduction
1. Bacteria, which have no ____________, reproduce by ___________, producing two identical cells.
2. Some single-celled eucaryotes reproduce by _____________ followed by cell division.
3. Yeast reproduce by ___________, in which the new organism forms on the parent.
4. Many plants can reproduce from ____________ in addition to reproducing sexually.
5. __________________ produces a new organism from part of an animal’s body. It can also mean regrowth
of a missing animal part.
C. What is ________________?
1. Cloning refers to a method of _______________ reproduction where scientists produce an identical
individual from a cell or cluster of cells taken from an organism.
2. Animals can be cloned in a laboratory, but are often not as ____________.