Download Agglutination in Blood Typing test

Cardiovascular System – Heart and
Blood Vessels
Topics in Human Pathophysiology Fall 2011
Gilead
Drug Safety and Public Health

Outline
 Blood continued
 Hemopoiesis
 Erythrocytes cont.
 Platelets and Clotting
 Heart
 Structure
 Cardiac cycle
 Conduction System and ECGs
 Coronary Circulation
 Cardiovascular Disease – diagnosis and treatment
Blood Cell Genesis - Hemopoiesis
Blood Types
Disorders of Erythrocytes
 Anemias
 Blood Type mismatching – Acute Hemolytic
Reaction
 Hemolytic Reaction of the Newborn
 Blood Doping - polycythemia
Agglutination
in Blood
Typing test
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Platelets
Stages of
Hemostasis
Disorders of Clotting
 Thrombi and Emboli
 Hemophilia
 Thrombocytopenia
 Impaired Liver Function
White Blood Cells - Leukocytes
 Protect against pathogens
by:
 causing inflammation

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and fever
phagocytosing
pathogens
creating antibodies
to tag pathogens for
destruction
killing pathogens in
other ways
Creating a cadre of
cells to fight
reinfection by
specific pathogens
(immune memory)
Heart Structure
 Systole – ventricles contract, semilunar
valves open to allow blood to large
arteries; AV valves close to prevent
backflow to the atria
 Diastole – ventricles relax, semilunar
valves close to prevent backflow into the
ventricles, AV valves open to allow
ventricles to fill
 Cardiac Cycle video
 SA node is primary pacemaker
 AV node is secondary pacemaker
 AV bundle carries signal to ventricles
 Electrical signal stimulates muscle
contraction
 For the conduction system to work
properly adequate blood supply is
required.
 Coronary artery disease
 Myocardial ischemia
 Myocardial hypoxia
 Myocardial infarct
 Myocardial necrosis
From wikipedia
Age
Male sex
Heredity
Smoking
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
High cholesterol
Obesity
Lack of exercise
 Diagnosis
 BP monitoring
 Symptoms
 ECG
 Angiogram
 Stress Test
 Nuclear myocardial
perfusion tests
 For myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
 A2A adenosine receptor agonist
 Vasodilates coronary arteries as if
exercising
 Injected into blood stream prior to gamma
camera scan
 Can give a good indication of myocardial
perfusion
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Treatment
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Coronary bypass surgery
Angioplasty
Stents
Cholesterol lowering
agents
Anticoagulents
Antianginal medications
 For angina
 Thought to inhibit a sodium ion channel in
the cardiac muscle cells
 Contraction of those cells might normally
cause compression of cardiac blood
vessels during diastole.
 Can be taken with other anti-anginal meds
 Very effective
Congestive Heart Failure
 Heart becomes weak
 Blood backs up in veins and capillaries
 Fluid excess in tissues
 Symptoms include shortness of breath, edema,
difficulty breathing (especially when lying down,)
difficulty exercising
Congestive Heart Failure
 Causes:
 cardiomyopathy
 hypertension
 lung disease
 coronary artery disease
 previous MI
 valve disease