Download Chapter 3 Body Tissues

Chapter 3 Body Tissues
• Tissues
– Groups of cells with similar structure and function
– Four primary types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
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Epithelial Tissues
• Locations:
– Body coverings
– Body linings
– Glandular tissue
• Functions:
–
–
–
–
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion
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Epithelium Characteristics
• Cells fit closely together and often form sheets
• The apical surface is the free surface of the tissue
– The unattached surface
• Can be exposed to exterior or cavity of an organ
• The lower surface of the epithelium (the basal
lamina) rests on a basement membrane
– Consists of reticular connective tissue
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Epithelium Characteristics
• Avascular (no blood supply)
– Relies on circulatory system to obtain food and
oxygen
• Surrounding connective tissues supply via diffusion
from nearby capillaries
• Regenerate easily if well nourished (through
normal cell division)
– Those on the exterior of the skin are exposed to friction
and other hostile substances and are therefore lost
Classification of Epithelia
• Two name system:
– First name = # of layers
– Second name = shape of cells
• Names using number of cell layers include:
– Simple—one layer
– Stratified—more than one layer
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Figure 3.17a Classification and functions of epithelia.
Apical surface
Basal
surface
Simple
Apical surface
Basal
surface Stratified
(a) Classification based on number of cell layers
Classification of Epithelia
• Names using shape of cells
– Squamous
• Flattened, like fish scales
– Cuboidal
• Cube-shaped, like dice
– Columnar
• Column-like
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Figure 3.17b Classification and functions of epithelia.
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
(b) Classification based on cell shape
Figure 3.17c Classification and functions of epithelia.
Number of layers
One layer: simple epithelial
tissues
More than one layer: stratified
epithelial tissues
Squamous
Diffusion and filtration
Secretion in serous membranes
Protection
Cuboidal
Secretion and absorption; ciliated
types propel mucus or
reproductive cells
Secretion and absorption; ciliated
types propel mucus or
reproductive cells
Protection; these tissue types are rare
in humans
Cell shape
Columnar
Transitional
Protection; stretching to accommodate
distension of urinary structures
(c) Function of epithelial tissue related to tissue type
• Remember these general characteristics and you
will be able to classify each type a lot easier !!
Simple Epithelia
• Simple squamous
– Single layer of flat cells
– Location—usually forms membranes
• Lines air sacs of the lungs
• Forms walls of capillaries
• Forms serous membranes (serosae) that line and cover
organs in ventral cavity
– Functions in diffusion, filtration, or secretion in
membranes
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Figure 3.18a Types of epithelia and their common locations in the body.
Air sacs of
lungs
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Basement
membrane
(a) Diagram: Simple squamous
Nuclei of
squamous
epithelial
cells
Photomicrograph: Simple
squamous epithelium forming part
of the alveolar (air sac) walls (275×).
Simple Epithelia
• Simple cuboidal
– Single layer of cube-like cells
– Locations:
• Common in glands and their ducts
• Forms walls of kidney tubules
• Covers the surface of ovaries
– Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated
types propel mucus or reproductive cells
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Figure 3.18b Types of epithelia and their common locations in the body.
Nucleus of
simple
cuboidal
epithelial
cell
Basement
membrane
(b) Diagram: Simple cuboidal
Simple
cuboidal
epithelial
cells
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal
epithelium in kidney tubules (250×).
Simple Epithelia
• Simple columnar
– Single layer of tall cells
• Goblet cells secrete mucus
– Location:
• Lines digestive tract from stomach to anus
• Mucous membranes (mucosae) line body cavities
opening to the exterior
– Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated
types propel mucus or reproductive cells
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Figure 3.18c Types of epithelia and their common locations in the body.
Nucleus of
simple columnar
epithelial cell
Basement
membrane
(c) Diagram: Simple columnar
Mucus of a
goblet cell
Simple
columnar
epithelial cells
Basement
membrane
Photomicrograph: Simple columnar
epithelium of the small intestine (575×).
Simple Epithelia
• Pseudostratified columnar
– All cells rest on a basement membrane
– Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
giving a false (pseudo) impression of stratification
– Location:
• Respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
– Functions in absorption or secretion
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Figure 3.18d Types of epithelia and their common locations in the body.
Cilia
Pseudostratified
epithelial
layer
Pseudostratified
epithelial layer
Basement
membrane
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
(d) Diagram: Pseudostratified
(ciliated) columnar
Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium lining the
human trachea (560×).
Stratified Epithelia
(two or more cell layers)
• Stratified squamous
– Named for cells present at the free (apical)
surface, which are flattened
– Functions as a protective covering where friction
is common
– Locations—lining of the:
• Skin (outer portion)
• Mouth
• Esophagus
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Figure 3.18e Types of epithelia and their common locations in the body.
Nuclei
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Basement
membrane
(e) Diagram: Stratified squamous
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Basement
membrane
Connective
Photomicrograph:
tissue
Stratified squamous
epithelium lining of the esophagus (140×).
Stratified Epithelia
• Stratified cuboidal—two layers of cuboidal
cells; functions in protection
• Stratified columnar—surface cells are
columnar, and cells underneath vary in size
and shape; functions in protection
• Stratified cuboidal and columnar
– Rare in human body
– Found mainly in ducts of large glands
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Stratified Epithelia
• Transitional epithelium
– Unique type of epithelium because of its ability to
become temporarily modified in arrangement and
shape
– Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium
– Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching
– Functions in stretching and the ability to return to
normal shape
– Locations: urinary system organs
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Figure 3.18f Types of epithelia and their common locations in the body.
Basement
membrane
Transitional
epithelium
Basement
membrane
Transitional
epithelium
Connective
tissue
(f) Diagram: Transitional
Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining of
the bladder, relaxed state (270×); surface rounded cells
flatten and elongate when the bladder fills with urine.
Glandular Epithelium
• Gland
– One or more cells responsible for secreting a
particular product
– Secretions contain protein molecules in an
aqueous (water-based) fluid
– Secretion is an active process
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Glandular Epithelium
• Two major gland types
– Endocrine gland
• Ductless; secretions diffuse into blood vessels
• All secretions are hormones
• Examples include thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary
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Glandular Epithelium
• Two major gland types
– Exocrine gland
• Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial
surface
• Include sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas
• Includes both internal and external glands
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