Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Contents List of Illustrations xxix List of Maps xxxi and xxxii How to Use This Book Abbreviations Glossary xxxiv xxxv xxxvii Weights, Measures, Coins, and the Athenian Calendar Introduction: The Evidence for Creek History and Culture I II III 1 The Archaeological Evidence Pottery Coins The Written Evidence 1 Investigation of Sources and Fragments of Lost Historians Herodotus Thucydides Xenophon Diodorus of Sicily Plutarch 7 The Attic Orators The World of 1.1 A Funeral on a Dipylon Vase 1.2 The Household (Oikos) 1.3 and the Homeric Household 1 2 5 7 8 10 13 16 20 22 23 26 28 29 WEB1 M 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 • 1.10 1.11 1.12 • 1.13 2 WEB1 30 30 31 32 33 WEB2 37 38 WEB3 The World of Hesiod 41 2.1 2.2 M 2.3 2.4 M 2.5 42 44 2.6 3 Slaves and the Homeric Household The Measure of Happiness A Household in Trouble Households and Community Homeric Leaders Kings, Council, and Assembly A Homeric Values: Honor and Excellence and Guest-Friendship The 3.1 H 3.2 3.3 M 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4 Individual, Communal, and Divine Justice and Pandora's Jar Household and Marriage The Value of Labor Hesiod Slaves in Hesiod 2.5.II Hesiod on Competitiveness 2.5.III A Bust of Hesiod The Orientalizing Period 45 WEBA WEBA WEBS WEBS 45 Creek Polis (City-State) and t h e Ethnos 48 The Homeric Polis Polis An Early Settlement on Andros (Zagora; 700) Links to Andros and the Azoria Project Ancient Views of the Origins of the Polis 3.5.A of Attica 3.5.B Aristotle on the Evolution of the Polis Ethnos: The Ionians 3.6.A Ancestors 3.6.B Ionians in the 3.6.C The History of the Ionians Links of Interest Across the Sea: Creek "Colonization" 4.1 4.2 • 4.3 4.4 4.5 Greek Settlements in the Western Mediterranean The Settlement at Pithecoussae (ca. 750) 4.2.A The Settling of Pithecoussae 4.2.B The "Nestor Cup" Pithecoussae The Foundation of Cyrene (631) the of Cyrene (631) 49 WEB6 50 WEB6 52 52 53 54 55 56 56 WEB7 59 60 60 61 62 WEBS 63 WEB8 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 The Delphic Oracle Mother-City and Colony: Corinth, Corcyra, and (435) Settlers and Locals Selinus Links of Interest Power and Attitudes 5.1 Power and Offices in Athens 5.2 5.3 Aristocratie Exclusiveness 5.3.A 5.3.B Do Not Marry a Commoner 5.4 Aristocratie Anxiety 6 Archaic Tyranny 6.1 How Tyrants Attained Power 6.2 The Birth and Rescue of Cypselus 6.3 Cypselus' Tyranny in Corinth (ca. 650-625) 6.3.A Cypselus' Harsh Tyranny 6.3.B Cypselus' Tyranny 6.4 Periander's Tyranny in Corinth (625-585) 6.5 Additional Information on Tyranny in Corinth 6.6 A Failed at Tyranny in Athens: (632) 6.7 Herodotus on Cylon 7 Archaic and Classical Sparta 7.1 City 7.2 The Messenian (735-650) and the Conquered Population 7.3 7.3.A Tyrtaeus on the Helots 7.3.B The System 7.4 Eliminating Helots 7.5 Krypteia 7.6 Lycurgus' 7.7 Early Sparta Crises in Early Sparta 7.7.II Early Economie Disparity in Sparta 7.7.III Identity 7.8 The Spartan Government and the Great Rhetra Tyrtaeus on the Spartan Government 7.8.B Plutarch on Lycurgus' Rhetra 7.9 Spartan Kingship WEBU 64 66 67 69 70 WEBU 71 72 72 73 75 76 78 78 79 80 WEB16 81 WEB16 85 WEBU 87 88 88 89 90 90 92 93 93 94 95 7.10 Xenophon on Spartan Kingship 7.11 The Spartan (Council) 7.12 7.13 The Ephors and Theopompus; Aristotle on the Spartan Government The Ephors and King Theopompus Aristotle on the Spartan "Mixed" Constitution 7.14 State and Family: The Scrutiny of Spartan Babies 7.15 The Schooling of Boys 7.16 Xenophon on the Schooling of Spartan Boys 7.17 and Rituals 7.17.A Spartan Maidens and Rituals A Spartan Runner 7.18 Plutarch on Spartan and Rituals 7.19 Spartan Marriage 7.20 Wife-Sharing 7.20.A Xenophon on Wife-Sharing 7.20.B Polybius on Wife-Sharing 7.21 Sayings of Spartan Mothers 7.22 The Messes 7.22.A Xenophon on the Common Messes 7.22.B Plutarch on the Common Messes 7.23 Aristotle on the Common Messes 7.24 Spartan Equality: Ideology and Reality 7.24.A Lycurgus' Egalitarian Measures 7.24.B The Ones (Homoioi)? 7.25 Courage and Cowardice in Sparta 7.26 The Peloponnesian League and Spartan Alliances The Spartans' Agreement with Tegea 7.26.B The Spartans' Treaty with Olynthus 7.27 Arcadia, and Corinth Sparta Obtains the Bones of Orestes The First Corinthian Opposition to King I (506) The Second Corinthian Opposition to King Cleomenes I (504) 7.28 King Cleomenes, Plataea, and Athens 7.29 King Cleomenes Cleomenes' Birth 7.29.II Cleomenes and Argos (494) 7.29.III Cleomenes and Aegina 7.29.IV (491/0) 7.29.V Cleomenes' Downfall (490-489) 7.30 Links of Interest WEB20 97 98 WEB21 99 99 WEB21 102 102 103 103 WEB22 105 105 106 106 WEB22 107 107 108 WEB23 109 109 110 111 112 WEB23 WEB23 WEB2S WEB26 WEB26 WEB26 WEB31 WEB36 8 Hoplites and Their Values 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 9 Hoplites and Their Weapons Standing in a Phalanx Formation Hoplite Battles Hoplite Ideals 8.4.A Do Not But Stand Your Ground 8.4.B The Worthy Man in War The Battle of Champions The Spartan or Hoplite Ideology Hoplites and Politics Links of Interest Archaic Athens From Draco t o 9.1 9.2 9.3 Draco's Law of Homicide (621/0) Draco's Harsh Laws The Background to Solon's 9.3.A The Situation Before Solon's Archonship 9.3.B Solon's Election 9.4 Solon's Policy (594) 9.5 Solon's Rejection of Tyranny 9.6 Solon's Land and Debts 9.6.A Solon's Concerning Debts 9.6.B Solon on His 9.7 Solon's Export and Trade 9.8 Solon's Political 9.8.A Solon's Classes and Their Respective Offices 9.8.B Solon and Election to Offices 9.9 Solon's Judicial 9.10 The Solonian Polis A Link to a Bust of Solon 10 120 121 122 123 WEB37 124 125 WEB3S Tyranny in Athens 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Solon and King Croesus Athens after Solon Rivalry for Power at Tyranny (561/0) Peisistratus' Second Attempt at Tyranny, His Exile and Return (556-546) 10.5.A Peisistratus Marries Megacles' Daughter 10.5.B Peisistratus' Exile 10.6 Peisistratus in Exile 10.7 (546-528/7) 10.8 Peisistratus' Athenian Coinage Rule 128 WEB39 130 130 131 131 WEB39 132 133 133 134 135 136 137 139 WEB42 140 141 142 143 143 144 WEB4S 144 WEB46 WEB46 10.8.II Early Athenian Coins and the City of Athens Under the Tyrants WEB46 10.9 Tyranny and the Athenian Elite: The Archon List 146 10.10 The (514/3) 147 10.10.A Drinking Songs Honoring the Tyrannicides 148 10.10.B The Statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton 149 10.11 Thucydides on the Athenian Tyrannicides 10.12 The of the Tyrants (511/0) 150 11 Cleisthenes and Athenian Democracy (508/7) 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.8 Cleisthenes and His Opposition (508/7) 11.2.B Athenian Cleisthenes Enfranchises Athenian Membership in the Ostracism (Ostrakismos) 11.5.A by Potsherds 11.5.B Ostraka Ath. on Ostracism and the Dating of Introduction Generalship Athenian Public Building ca. 500 12 Archaic Society and Culture: Gender, Sexuality, Banquets, and 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Youth: Kouros Homoerotic Couples Courting Men and A Law Against Courtship of Free Boys by Slaves Sex, Power, and the Eurymedon Vase Love and the Symposion Love 12.7.II Symposion, Wine, and 12.8 The Banquet (Symposion) 12.9 and the Rewards of Victory 12.9.A A Prize in the Panathenaic 12.9.B A Victory Ode 12.10 Greek Games and a Dissenting Voice Archaic Women: Sappho on Love 12.11.B What is Beauty? 12.12 Sappho, Aphrodite, and Phrasiclea Sappho's Invitation of Aphrodite 153 154 156 157 158 WEBS0 160 161 161 162 163 WEBS2 165 166 166 168 170 WEBS3 171 WEBS4 172 173 174 174 176 176 WEBS6 WEBS6 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 13 Seducing Maidens Anacreon's "Thracian Portraits of Wives Sappho, Andromache, and Agariste Sappho's on Andromache's Arrivai in Troy The Marriage of Agariste Archaic Law 13.5 13.6 14 WEB62 WEB63 WEB64 WEB66 WEB67 Archaic Creek Religion 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.5 14.6 14.7 15 WEBS7 WEBS8 182 The Law of Dreros The Gortyn Law on Sexual Misconduct The Gortyn Law on Division of Property Solon's Laws Concerning Inheritance, Dowry, Women Outdoors, Parental Support, and Sexual Misconduct A Treaty Concerning Seizure of Men Abroad Changing the Law 13.2 13.3 13.4 WEBS6 177 WEBS7 178 WEBS7 Herodotus on and Hesiod's Contribution to Greek Religion Athens Purifies (426/5) Worship Greek Temples and the Mysteries of Demeter in Eleusis 14.4.A The Mysteries and Hades 14.4.B The Macron Cup with Triptolemus The to Demeter The Decree of Offering First-Fruits in Eleusis (420s) Links of Interest The lonian Persians and 15.1 15.2 15.3 Croesus and Delphi Persia and the Ionians Ionians, Greeks, and Persians Herodotus on the Ionians and Their Response to the Persian Occupation 15.3.II Sparta Cultural Exchange between Greeks and Persians 184 WEB69 185 186 186 187 188 WEB76 192 WEB77 WEB77 WEB77 193 WEB78 WEB78 WEB79 WEB79 15.4 15.5 The Greek Tyrants at the Bridge (ca. 513) King Darius I and His Administrative 195 15.6 The Causes of the Ionian (499-494) 15.6.A Aristagoras' Naxian Campaign Aristagoras Banishes Tyrants Aristagoras' and Histiaeus' Message for Help in Greece (500) Aristagoras in Sparta The of Miletus and Phrynichus' Capture Miletus (494) The Change of Persian Policy in 196 196 197 15.7 15.8 15.9 16 The Battle of Marathon (490) 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 Surrender The Spartans' Attempt to Atone for the Killing of Persian Envoys The Persian and Athens' Request for Help (490) 16.3.A The Persians Arrive at Marathon 16.3.B Athens Requests Help from Sparta The Battle of Marathon (490) 16.4.A The War Council Before Battle and the Fighting in Marathon The Persian Cavalry Monuments of the Battle of Marathon An Attempt to Capture the City with Alcmeonid Aid? The of Marathon and 16.6.A An on Marathon 16.6.B Aeschylus' Epitaph 16.6.C The Mound at Marathon After Marathon A Link to an Image of a Greek Soldier Fighting a Persian Aristophanes on the Warriors of Marathon 16.7.III Miltiades after Marathon Darius' War Plans after Marathon 17 The Persian War Greek Perspectives of the Persian War The Bridging of the Hellespont B Punishing the Hellespont 198 WEB82 199 201 203 204 WEB84 205 205 206 207 207 209 210 211 212 213 213 214 WEB86 WEB86 WEB86 WEB86 WEB88 216 17.3 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.9 Greeks' Views of Persians Aeschylus on the Persian Defeat and Humiliation on Persian Royal Education and Themistocles and His Naval Program 17.3.A 17.3.B Project Herodotus on Themistocles' Building of the Athenian Navy The Athenian The Lenormant Relief of a Olympia at Sea Explanatory Comments on the Athenian Greek Responses to Themistocles the Return of Ostracized Athenians The Hellenic Alliance Against Persia 17.9.A The About the War 17.10 The Greek Retreat from Thessaly and its Aftermath (480) 17.10.A Retreat from Thessaly The Greeks' Lines of 17.11 The Battle of (480) 17.11.A Plan Leonidas to Stay Commemorating the Spartans of Thermopylae 17.12 From Artemisium to Thermopylae Herodotus on the Battle Artemisium Themistocles Encourages the Ionians and the Carians to Xerxes Demaratus Informs Xerxes about the Spartans 17.12.IV Stand at Thermopylae and Leonidas' Fate 17.13 The Evacuation of Athens The Athenians Ask a Second Oracle 17.13.B 17.13.C A Faulty Peloponnesian Strategy 17.14 Choice The First Athenian Consultation of Delphi About Continuing the War Against Persia WEB89 WEB89 218 219 219 220 220 221 221 223 223 224 225 226 226 227 227 228 229 WEB91 WEB93 WEB94 230 230 231 233 WEB96 WEB96 the Evacuation of Athens 17.15 The Battle of Salamis (480) 17.15.A of Battle 17.15.B The Persian Movements The Battle Plan of Salamis 17.15.D Aeschylus' Description of the Battle of Salamis 17.16 The Greeks in Salamis Herodotus on the Battle of Salamis Competing for the Honor of Fighting at Salamis 17.17 The Battle of Plataea (479) Athens Loyalty to the Greek Cause 17.17.B The Spartan to Plataea 17.17.C The Plataea Oath 17.18 Herodotus on the Battle of Plataea the Battle of Plataea Simonides on the Spartans' Departure for Plataea 17.19.B Dedications to the Gods 17.19.C Those Who Fought in the War Pausanias and the of Plataea 17.21 The Battle of Mycale (479) 17.22 Links of Interest 18 The Athenian Empire 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Rebuilding (479/8) Themistocles and Sparta Themistocles and the Fortification of Piraeus 18.2.II Themistocles' Opposition to Sparta's Plan to Punish Medized States Pausanias of Sparta, Athens, and the Allies 18.3.A The Spartans Relinquish Their Command Aristides and the Ionians Pausanias Seeks Support from Xerxes The Formation of the Delian League (478) 18.5.A The Goals of the Delian League 18.5.B Liberating the Greeks Managing the League 18.5.D Establishing the Tribute Comments on the Delian League's Original Annual Tribute and Structure WEB97 233 234 235 235 236 WEB97 WEB97 WEB98 237 238 238 240 WEB99 240 241 241 242 WEB 243 246 247 250 250 251 252 252 252 253 253 18.7 18.8 18.9 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 and the Athenian Empire: The Conquest of Eion, Scyros, Carystus, and Naxos (477/6-465) 18.7.A The Capture of Eion The Capture of Scyros The Subjugation of Carystus and Naxos Themistocles' Exile; Cimon and Theseus Themistocles' Ostracism and Exile Cimon and Theseus in Asia Minor and the Battle of (469-466) 18.9.A Successes in Asia Minor 18.9.B The Battle of Eurymedon Eulogizing the Dead of Eurymedon Cimon in Asia Minor; the Painted Stoa Cimon's in Asia Minor (470-467/6) The Painted Stoa and Possible Association with Cimon in Northern Greece (465/4-463/2) Sparta's Wars in the the Great Helots' and the Mt. Affair (473-460) 18.12.A Sparta's Peloponnesian Conflicts 18.12.B The Great Earthquake and the Messenian C The Debate in Athens over Helping Sparta 18.12.D The Spartans Send the Athenians Back Home Leotychidas' Exile and Pausanias' Second Recall and Death Leotychidas, Bribes, and Exile (ca. 476) Pausanias' Second Recall and Death (ca. 470) The Messenians Settle Naupactus 19 Empowering Athenian Democracy 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Ephialtes' (462/1) Ephialtes and the Areopagus 19.1.B The Areopagus after Aeschylus and the Areopagus; Aeschylus and the Areopagus Blocking Decrees Paranomon) Examination of State Officiais (Dokimasia) Rendering Accounts (Euthynaï) 254 255 255 256 WEB107 257 257 258 259 WEB 260 261 261 262 263 263 WEB WEBl 10 264 267 268 268 269 WEB113 WEB114 269 271 273 19.6 19.7 19.8 19.9 19.10 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 Expanding Pericles' to the Archonship Measures Mechanisms and State Salary (Misthos) 19.8.A Public Pay and Offices 19.8.B Wages of State Salaries An Elitist Perspective on Pericles' Relationship with the Demos Pericles' Citizenship Law Philochorus on the Background of Pericles' Law B Plutarch on the Background of Pericles' Law Ath. on Pericles' Citizenship Law Pericles and Thucydides Son of Melesias Pericles' Building Program and Leadership The Controversy over Pericles' Building Program and the Ostracism of Thucydides son of Melesias (444/3) Pericles' Leadership Links of Interest 20 War and Peace in Creece ( 4 6 1 / 0 - 4 3 7 / 6 ) 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 Athens' Clash with Corinth Over Megara (461/0) Athenian Pride in their Victory over Corinth The Athenian to Egypt (460) 20.3.A The Egyptian 20.3.B Defeat in Egypt Diodorus on the Egyptian (460) Athens Campaigns on Several Fronts (460-459) Thucydides on Athenian Campaigns in 460-458 The Long (458) Ancient Accounts About the Long Walls The Battle of Tanagra (458) Cimon and the Battle of Tanagra (457) The Peace of Callias (450?) Athenian Campaigns Athenian Campaigns in Western Greece (ca. 453) Cimon's Last Campaign (451) The Peloponnesian Invasion of Attica (446) The Euboean Campaign and the Peloponnesian Invasion 20.13.B Pericles Bribes the Spartans to Retreat Pericles Punishes Euboea (446) 274 274 275 276 277 277 WEBl 279 280 280 WEB116 16 WEB116 WEB117 283 284 WEB118 285 285 285 WEBl 19 286 19 287 WEB 120 287 290 WEB122 WEB122 WEB122 291 291 292 WEB123 20.15 The Thirty-Year Peace Between Athens and Sparta (446/5) Athenian Concessions in the Thirty-Year Peace B The Arbitration Clause in the Thirty-Year Peace The Thirty-Year Peace and Argos' Neutrality Athenian Colonization and the Colony of Athenian Foundations of Colonies The Foundation Decree of Brea 20.18 A City Plan 20.19 The Foundation of Thurii in Italy (444/3) 20.20 The 21 The Administration of the Empire and the Athenian Tribute Quota Lists 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 22 The Cleinias Decree The Tribute Quota List of 453/2 The Erythraean Decree (453/2) Athens and the Allies Athens' Intervention in the Affairs 21.4.II Over the Allies The Toward the Empire 21.6.A Athens' Services to the Allies 21.6.B Toward Athens A Pragmatic Attitude Toward the Conduct 293 293 294 WEB 294 294 295 296 WEB123 298 300 303 304 WEB126 WEB WEB127 306 306 307 307 308 The City of Athens 22.1 22.2 Building The Parthenon and Athena's Statue The Statue of Athena Parthenos Pericles, Phidias, and Athena's Statue WEB129 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 Building the 22.3.II The Athenian Acropolis The City Dionysia: Religion, and the State The Dionysian Procession Dithyrambic Performances WEB134 135 The Theater of Dionysus WEB139 W£B133 22.8 23 W£B140 The Sophists, Athenian Democracy, and Critics 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 24 in the Theater 22.7.II The Theater of Dionysus at Athens Links of Interest The Justice 312 Right and Might 313 Justice and Expediency 314 Antigone and the Debate with the Sophists 315 Tyranny and Democracy in Euripides' Suppliant Women Democracy and Alternatives WEB142 A Debate over the Merits of Democracy, Oligarchy, and Monarchy WEB 142 23.6.II Pericles' Funeral Oration Criticizing Democracy Criticism of the Use of the Lot The Causes of the Peloponnesian W a r and the Athenian and Spartan 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 Thucydides' View of the Causes of the Peloponnesian War The Epidamnus and Potidaea The Epidamnus Affair (436-433) 24.2.II The Potidaea Affair (433-432) The Megarian Decree (432?), Corinthian Pressure, and Spartan Demands 24.3.A Thucydides on the Megarian Decree Plutarch on the Background to the Megarian Decree Corinth Urges Sparta to Go to War 24.3.D The Spartan Demands Aristophanes on Pericles, Aspasia, and the Megarian Affair The Spartan (Archidamian) Strategy 24.5.A Spartan of the Athenian 24.5.B Greek Toward Athens King Archidamus Advises the Spartans About the War The "Periclean Strategy" 24.7.A Pericles on the Athenian Strategy The Superiority of Naval Power Athenian and Spartan "Characters" and 321 322 WEB147 WEB147 323 323 324 325 326 326 327 328 328 328 329 Thucydides on the Spartan and Athenian "National Characters" and Their Impact on on Problems of the Spartan and Athenian 25 The Peloponnesian War: The War 25.1 Athens and the Plague 25.1.A A Mass Grave in Athens 25.1.B Thucydides on Conduct During a Plague 25.2 Pericles' Conviction; the Plague Plutarch on Pericles' Conviction 25.2.II Thucydides on the Plague in Athens 25.3 Pericles' Political Successors 25.4 Athens Opens a Second Front in Sicily (427) 25.5 Nicias and Plutarch on Nicias 25.5.B Cleon and the Demos Aristophanes on Cleon 25.6 Nicias; Cleon; the Mytilenean Affair Nicias' Piety and Munificence Aristophanes' Depiction of Cleon as the People's Watchdog 25.6.III The Mytilenean Affair (428-427) 25.7 The Campaign (425) 25.7.A Demosthenes' Plan Sparta Offers Peace The The Impact of Sphacteria 25.7.E A Spartan Shield from Pylos The Battle on the Island of Sphacteria 25.9 Brasidas 25.9.A Brasidas' Impact Brasidas' Speech to the Acanthians Athens Punishes Torone 25.9.D Brasidas' Last Honors 25.10 Yearnings for Peace in Athens 25.11 The Peace of Nicias (421) Athens' and Sparta's Motives for the Peace 25.11.B Selected Terms of the Peace of Nicias 26 Finances and Allies During the Archidamian War A Spartan War Fund W£B156 331 332 333 334 W£B157 W£B158 334 159 335 336 336 337 WEB161 WEB161 338 338 339 341 341 342 WEB 343 343 344 345 345 346 346 347 350 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 27 Athenian Finance: Raising the Property Tax (Eisphora) Raising the Tribute: The Thudippus Decree Cleon and the Tribute Treatment: The Methone Decrees The Athenian Coinage, Weights, and Measures Decree The Uneasy Peace and t h e Sicilian (421-413) 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.6 27.7 27.8 27.9 27.10 27.11 27.12 27.13 352 353 355 357 360 Alcibiades 361 27.1.A Alcibiades at the Olympic Games 361 27.1.B Alcibiades' Ambitions and the Athenians' Attitudes Toward 362 C Alcibiades and 27.1.D Alcibiades and the Ostracism of Hyperbolus 364 The Battle of (I); the Melian Dialogue The (First) Battle of Mantinea (418) 70 27.2.II The Melian Dialogue WEB174 Egesta and the Origins of the Sicilian (416) 365 Egesta Requests Help 366 The on the Sicilian Campaign 367 The Egestans Trick the Athenian Fact-Finding Mission The Athenians' Goals in Sicily 368 Alcibiades Describes the Athenian Goals and Strategy 368 Athenian Enthusiasm for the Campaign 369 27.5.C The Athenian Armada 370 Nicias and Alcibiades Debate the Sicilian Campaign (415) The and Mysteries 370 27.7.A Andocides on the Plot 372 27.7.B The Plotters Gather (?) 372 The Confiscation of the Plotters' Property 373 Thucydides on the Herms and Mysteries Affairs WEB180 Alcibiades Escapes to Sparta 375 The Athenian Strategy in Sicily; Alcibiades' Recall The Initial Athenian Strategy in Sicily WEB181 Alcibiades' Recall and the Impact of His to Sparta Sparta Enters the War 377 Athens Sends Reinforcements to Nicias in Sicily (414) WEB182 The Athenian Defeat in Sicily 378 The Athenian Retreat from Syracuse 378 27.13.B The Massacre at the Assinarus River 379 27.13.C The Fate of Those Captured and Thucydides' Review of the 27.14 Syracusan Naval Tactics Prior to the Arrivai of Athenian (414) 27.15 Links of Interest 28 The Peloponnesian War: The Decelean War 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 The Spartan Occupation of Decelea (413) from Decelea The Sparta's Maritime Strategy and Persia 28.2.A The Persians Offer an Alliance 28.2.B A Spartan-Persian Treaty (412) 28.2.C The Persian King's Aegean Policy Athenian Anti-Democrats Contact Alcibiades in Sparta and Asia Minor Alcibiades' Affair with Queen 28.3.II Alcibiades' Advice to the Satrap Tissaphernes The Athenian Oligarchy of 28.4.A A Motion to Political Rights to 5,000 Citizens 28.4.B A Decree Concerning Public Offices and the Council Unpaid Offices and the Powers of the 5,000 and of the Council of 400 Demophantus' Decree and the Restoration of Democracy The Four Hundred and Comments on the Leaders and Supporters of Overthrowing Athenian Democracy in A Board for Designing a New Government for Athens 28.5.III The Fall of the Four Hundred and Constitution Ransoming Captives and the Decree (408-407) 28.6.A Ransoming Captives The Selymbrian Decree A Third Spartan-Persian Treaty; The Third Spartan-Persian Treaty 28.7.II Alcibiades' Return and Athenian Views of (407/6) 380 382 383 383 384 385 385 386 386 387 388 388 389 389 390 W£B186 WEB 391 392 393 W£B189 28.8 28.9 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 29 The Rule of the Thirty, t h e Athenian Amnesty, and Socrates' 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 29.8 30 Cyrus the Younger and Lysander of Sparta 28.8.A Cyrus' Post 28.8.B The Battle of Cyrus in Asia Minor; Alcibiades' Exile Cyrus the Younger's Mission in Asia Minor (407/6) 28.9.II Exile The Arginusae Affair (406/5) The Battle of (405) Athens' Defeat and the End of the Peloponnesian War (405/4) Lysander Changes the Governments of the Allies 28.12.B The Decree 28.12.C Sparta Refuses to Destroy Athens and Her Terms of Surrender 28.12.D Lysander into Piraeus the Victor 28.13.A A Dedication in Honor of Lysander 28.13.B Lysander's Extraordinary Honors 28.13.C An Athenian View of the Defeat The Establishment of the Rule of the Thirty (404) The Thirty Tyrants The Fall of the Thirty (403) Critias' Grave Monument (?) The Spartans' Grave at Athens and the Athenian Amnesty (403) The Battle between the Peloponnesians and Athenian Democrats 29.5.B The Spartan Grave in Athens The Settlement Between the Democrats and the Oligarchs 29.5.D The of the Spartans and Their Allies to the Thirty's Appeal for Help Against the Exiles Socrates' (399) Socrates' and Image Sparta After t h e Peloponnesian War: Politics, and Demography 30.1 The Accession of Agesilaus II (400) 394 394 395 WEB192 192 WEB192 396 397 398 399 400 401 401 402 402 403 405 406 407 408 409 409 409 411 412 W£B195 412 415 416 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 The Cinadon Conspiracy (400/399) Empire and Wealth in Sparta Epitadeus' Law (?) and the Shortage of Men 30.4.A Epitadeus' Law Land Ownership and the Shortage of Citizens Princess Cynisca Cynisca's Olympic Victories 30.5.B The Cynisca Epigram Agesilaus and Cynisca 31 The Spartan Hegemony, the Corinthian War, and the Peace of Antalcidas (404/3-388/7) 417 419 420 421 421 422 422 423 423 425 31.1 Sparta and Persia 426 Cyrus Requests Spartan Aid 426 31.1.B Spartan Aid to Cyrus 427 31.2 The Lessons of the Anabasis WEB197 31.3 Agesilaus' Asian Campaign and Lysander's Demotion 427 Campaign 428 Agesilaus and Lysander 429 31.4 Lysander's Alleged Plan to Spartan Kingship (396) The Outbreak of the Corinthian War (395) 429 31.5.A The King Sends Money to Greece 430 Greek Grievances Against Sparta 430 Criticism of the View that Persian Bribes Led the Greeks to Fight Sparta WEB 199 The Loss of Spartan Maritime Hegemony (394) 431 31.8 The Battle of Cnidus (394) WEB199 31.9 The Dexileus Monument 432 31.10 Peltasts and the Battle of (390) 434 31.11 Reforms The Peace of Antalcidas (388/7) 436 Comments on the Significance of the Peace Antalcidas 31.14 The for a Panhellenic Campaign Against Persia 438 32 From the Peace of Antalcidas (388/7) to the Battle of Leuctra and Aftermath (371) 32.1 32.2 32.3 The Boeotian in the Fourth Century Greek and the Boeotian Before the Fourth Century Sparta Dissolves Greek in the of Autonomy 441 442 444 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.9 32.10 32.11 32.12 32.13 32.14 32.15 32.16 Xenophon and Diodorus on the Union Between Argos and Corinth (392-386) Spartan Occupation of the (Citadel) of Thebes (382) Views of the Spartans at the Cadmea Diodorus on the Spartan Occupation of the Cadmea (382) Xenophon on the Spartans' in Occupying the Cadmea Affair (379/8) 32.7.A Sphodrias Invades Attica 32.7.B Sphodrias' Acquittai Plutarch on Sphodrias' Attempt to Capture Piraeus The Formation of the Second Athenian League (378/7) 32.9.A The Decree of Aristoteles Diodorus on the Second Athenian League "Contributions" to the League Desiring Peace The Common Peace of 371 32.11.A The the Common of 371 32.11.B Epaminondas in Sparta The Sacred Band Leuctra (371) 32.13.A Xenophon on the Battle at Leuctra 32.13.B The Spartan to the Defeat in Leuctra Plutarch on the Battle of Leuctra The Foundation of Messene (370/69) The Dissolution of the Peloponnesian League (365) 33 Jason of Pherae (?-370) 33.1 33.2 33.3 Jason's Power and Plans Jason's Ambitions and Assassination 34 The Second Athenian League and Theban Hegemony 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 Athens' Treatment of Chalcis (Euboea) and the Island of Paros (378/7-372) Athens' Alliance with Chalcis 34.1.B Decrees Concerning Paros Athens' Colonization of (365) Athens' Treatment of Arcesine ca. 357/6) for Peace in Athens (ca. 355-350) The Theban Hegemony: A Theban Common Peace (367) 445 WEB206 WEB206 WEB206 447 448 448 WEB206 449 450 452 453 454 455 455 455 456 457 458 459 WEB207 460 462 465 WEB209 WEB211 WEB212 466 467 467 468 469 469 WEB214 471 34.6 34.7 34.8 35 Thebes' Treatment of Orchomenus (364) Thebes in Achaea and on the Sea Thebes Intervenes in Achaea (366) 34.7.II Ambitions (364) The Battle of Mantinea (II; 362) 34.8.A The Battle Lines in Mantinea in Mantinea Running the Athenian Polis: Politics, Finances, and Trade in the Fourth Century 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 35.8 35.9 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16 36 WEB215 473 474 474 476 The Restored Athenian Democracy: Laws and Decrees 477 The Greater Authority of Laws 35.1.B Tisamenus' Decree 478 The Fourth-Century Assembly and Council 478 35.2.A The Agenda 479 An Assembly Meeting 480 The of the Assembly and Their Duties WEB217 Fourth-Century Leadership 482 on Athenian Speakers and Their Audience Jury Courts 483 35.6.A A Defendant's 483 35.6.B Jurors 483 State Revenues and Taxation 484 35.7.A Import Tax 485 35.7.B (Eisphora) 485 Paying the Property Tax 486 Athens' Income and a Taxable Property Athens' Annual Income (ca. 341) The Taxable Property of Demosthenes' Father Liturgies 487 Lightening the Burden: The Antidosis 489 The Fund 490 Financing Military 491 35.12.A Methods 491 35.12.B Favors" 492 The Grain Import 492 Athens and Grain Athens and Foreign Grain Producers Regulating the Grain Trade and Products Certification 495 A Maritime Contract 497 Aliens), Slaves, and Barbarians 36.1 472 WEB21S of a Metic 500 36.2 Useful Aliens Good Metics 36.2.II Profitable Metics Slaves and Their Occupations Slaves' Occupations 36.3.II Bankers and Slaves Public Slaves: The Scythian Archers The Treatment of Slaves The Good, Useful Slave 36.5.II Charge Distinguishing the Free from the Unfree A Slave's Testimony Under Torture Free Persons Resembling Slaves 36.6.III Fear of Resembling Slaves Aristotle on Natural Slavery Greeks With Barbarians Greek and Barbarian Character Greeks, Barbarians, and Freedom 36.8.III War against the Barbarians 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.8 37 Masculine and 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.8 37.9 37.10 37.11 37.12 Cender in Athens Ideals: The Ephebic Oath The Manly Body The Man Aristophanes on Prostitution and Homosexuality Violence and Men in Love Artisans and Manual Laborers Men, Women, and the Household Wives and Mothers Running the Household A and the Household's Assets Virtuous and Unfaithful Women 37.12.A A Woman of Virtue 37.12.B Propriety 37.12.C Adultery 37.12.D The Killing of Eratosthenes Citizenship and the Working Mother 37.14 The Courtesan Neaera 38 Philip 38.1 38.2 38.3 of Macedonia ( 3 5 9 - 3 3 6 ) WEB226 WEB228 WEB229 WEB231 WEB231 WEB232 WEB236 501 502 503 504 WEB238 506 507 508 509 511 511 513 513 514 514 515 WEB242 519 Philip's Accession and Challenges to his Rule (359) 522 King Archelaus' Military Reforms (413-399) WEB246 Philip's Military Reforms and Coinage 523 Phalanx Formations 524 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.9 38.12 38.13 38.14 38.15 38.16 38.17 38.18 Philip's Coinage 525 Philip's Court: Companions and Royal Boys (Pages) 526 38.4.A Philip's Companions 527 The Royal Boys or Pages 528 Philip's Wives 528 Philip and the Third Sacred War (356-346) 529 38.6.A The Phocians Pillage Delphi 530 38.6.B Diodorus on the Battle of the Crocus Field Justin on the Battle of the Crocus Field Plan Against Philip (352/1) 531 Philip's Capture of Olynthus (348) 534 38.9.A Philip's Capture of Olynthus 534 38.9.B Plan of an Olynthian House 535 Demosthenes on a Captive Olynthian Woman (348) WEB247 The Peace of Philocrates and the End of the Third Sacred War (346) 536 On the Peace of Philocrates; Isocrates Appeals to Philip WEB249 On the Peace of Philocrates (346) Isocrates Appeals to Philip to Lead a Persian Campaign (346) Athens War on Philip (340) 538 38.13.A Philip Seizes Ships to Athens 539 38.13.B Philip and Athens Go to War 539 Demosthenes against Philip; Philip on the Propontis Demosthenes' to Confront Philip (343-331) Philip's of Perinthus and Byzantium and Persian (340) The Battle of Chaeronea (338) 540 38.15.A Diodorus on the Battle of Chaeronea 541 38.15.B Polyaenus on the Battle of Chaeronea 542 Plutarch on the Battle of Chaeronea 542 38.15.D Reconstructing the Battle 542 Philip, Elatea, and Chaeronea Philip's Capture of Elatea in Central Greece (339) The Monuments of Chaeronea Philip and the Greeks after Chaeronea (338-336) 544 38.17.A The Corinthian League 544 The on a Common Peace 545 Alexander's Treaty with the Greeks 546 38.17.D The 547 Demosthenes' Eulogy of the Dead of Chaeronea (338) 38.19 The Murder of Philip II (336) and the Royal at Vergina 38.19.A The Death of Philip II 38.19.B The Vergina Royal Tombs 38.20 Justin on Philip's Assassination 38.21 Links of Interest 39 Alexander the Great (336-323) 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.8 39.9 39.10 39.11 39.12 39.13 39.14 39.15 39.16 39.17 39.18 The Destruction of Thebes (335) 39.1.A The Theban 39.1.B The of Thebes Alexander in Asia Minor (334-333) 39.2.A Alexander's Invading 39.2.B Alexander and the Chian Decree Alexander in Asia Minor The Battle of the Granicus (334) 39.3.II A Copy of Lysippus' Statue of Alexander at the Granicus 39.3.III Alexander and the Gordian Knot The Battle of Issus (333) 39.4.A Alexander's Victory at Issus The Alexander Mosaic Arrian on the Battle of Issus up to Darius' Flight (333) Alexander Visits the Oracle of at Siwa (332/1) Foundations of Alexandrias Fire in Persepolis (331-330) Conspiracy in Court: The Philotas Affair (330) Alexander the General Cleitus (328) 39.10.A The Killing of Cleitus 39.10.B Cleitus' Death Alexander Turns "Asian" Alexander's Adoption of Persian Dress and Customs Victory in India (326) Alexander, the Macedonians, Iranians, and the Opis Mutiny 39.14.A Army 39.14.B The Opis Mutiny and Aftermath The Susa Mass Marriages Alexander and the Exiles Decree (324) Alexander's Death Alexander's Last Plans 548 548 550 WEB258 553 556 556 557 557 557 559 WEB262 560 560 561 562 WEB266 564 565 567 568 569 570 WEB267 571 572 573 573 575 576 WEB270 580 Index Sources General Index 618