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Contents
List of Illustrations
xxix
List of Maps
xxxi
and
xxxii
How to Use This Book
Abbreviations
Glossary
xxxiv
xxxv
xxxvii
Weights, Measures, Coins, and the Athenian Calendar
Introduction: The Evidence for Creek History and Culture
I
II
III
1
The Archaeological Evidence
Pottery
Coins
The Written Evidence
1 Investigation of Sources and Fragments
of Lost Historians
Herodotus
Thucydides
Xenophon
Diodorus of Sicily
Plutarch
7 The Attic Orators
The World of
1.1 A Funeral
on a Dipylon Vase
1.2 The
Household (Oikos)
1.3
and the Homeric Household
1
2
5
7
8
10
13
16
20
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23
26
28
29
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M 1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
• 1.10
1.11
1.12
• 1.13
2
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31
32
33
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38
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The World of Hesiod
41
2.1
2.2
M 2.3
2.4
M 2.5
42
44
2.6
3
Slaves and the Homeric Household
The Measure of Happiness
A Household in Trouble
Households and Community
Homeric Leaders
Kings, Council, and Assembly
A
Homeric Values: Honor and Excellence
and Guest-Friendship
The
3.1
H 3.2
3.3
M 3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4
Individual, Communal, and Divine Justice
and Pandora's Jar
Household and Marriage
The Value of Labor
Hesiod
Slaves in Hesiod
2.5.II Hesiod on Competitiveness
2.5.III A Bust of Hesiod
The Orientalizing Period
45
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WEBS
WEBS
45
Creek Polis (City-State) and t h e Ethnos
48
The Homeric Polis
Polis
An Early Settlement on Andros (Zagora;
700)
Links to Andros and the Azoria Project
Ancient Views of the Origins of the Polis
3.5.A
of Attica
3.5.B Aristotle on the Evolution of the Polis
Ethnos: The Ionians
3.6.A
Ancestors
3.6.B Ionians in the
3.6.C The History of the Ionians
Links of Interest
Across the Sea: Creek "Colonization"
4.1
4.2
•
4.3
4.4
4.5
Greek Settlements in the Western Mediterranean
The Settlement at Pithecoussae (ca. 750)
4.2.A The Settling of Pithecoussae
4.2.B The "Nestor Cup"
Pithecoussae
The Foundation of Cyrene (631)
the
of Cyrene (631)
49
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52
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60
60
61
62
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4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
The Delphic Oracle
Mother-City and Colony: Corinth, Corcyra,
and
(435)
Settlers and Locals
Selinus
Links of Interest
Power and Attitudes
5.1
Power and Offices in Athens
5.2
5.3 Aristocratie Exclusiveness
5.3.A
5.3.B Do Not Marry a Commoner
5.4 Aristocratie Anxiety
6
Archaic Tyranny
6.1 How Tyrants Attained Power
6.2 The Birth and Rescue of Cypselus
6.3 Cypselus' Tyranny in Corinth (ca. 650-625)
6.3.A Cypselus' Harsh Tyranny
6.3.B Cypselus'
Tyranny
6.4 Periander's Tyranny in Corinth (625-585)
6.5 Additional Information on Tyranny in Corinth
6.6 A Failed
at Tyranny in Athens:
(632)
6.7 Herodotus on Cylon
7
Archaic and Classical Sparta
7.1
City
7.2 The Messenian
(735-650) and the
Conquered Population
7.3
7.3.A Tyrtaeus on the Helots
7.3.B The
System
7.4 Eliminating Helots
7.5 Krypteia
7.6 Lycurgus'
7.7 Early Sparta
Crises in Early Sparta
7.7.II Early Economie Disparity in Sparta
7.7.III
Identity
7.8 The Spartan Government and the Great Rhetra
Tyrtaeus on the Spartan Government
7.8.B Plutarch on Lycurgus' Rhetra
7.9 Spartan Kingship
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95
7.10 Xenophon on Spartan Kingship
7.11 The Spartan
(Council)
7.12
7.13 The Ephors and Theopompus; Aristotle on
the Spartan Government
The Ephors and King Theopompus
Aristotle on the Spartan
"Mixed" Constitution
7.14 State and Family: The Scrutiny of Spartan Babies
7.15 The Schooling of Boys
7.16 Xenophon on the Schooling of Spartan Boys
7.17
and Rituals
7.17.A
Spartan Maidens and Rituals
A
Spartan Runner
7.18 Plutarch on Spartan
and Rituals
7.19 Spartan Marriage
7.20 Wife-Sharing
7.20.A Xenophon on Wife-Sharing
7.20.B Polybius on Wife-Sharing
7.21 Sayings of Spartan Mothers
7.22 The
Messes
7.22.A Xenophon on the Common Messes
7.22.B Plutarch on the Common Messes
7.23 Aristotle on the Common Messes
7.24 Spartan Equality: Ideology and Reality
7.24.A Lycurgus' Egalitarian Measures
7.24.B The
Ones (Homoioi)?
7.25 Courage and Cowardice in Sparta
7.26 The Peloponnesian League and Spartan Alliances
The Spartans' Agreement with Tegea
7.26.B The Spartans' Treaty with Olynthus
7.27
Arcadia, and Corinth
Sparta Obtains the Bones of Orestes
The First Corinthian Opposition
to King
I (506)
The Second Corinthian Opposition
to King Cleomenes I (504)
7.28 King Cleomenes, Plataea, and Athens
7.29 King Cleomenes
Cleomenes' Birth
7.29.II Cleomenes and Argos (494)
7.29.III Cleomenes and Aegina
7.29.IV
(491/0)
7.29.V Cleomenes' Downfall (490-489)
7.30 Links of Interest
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8
Hoplites and Their Values
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
9
Hoplites and Their Weapons
Standing in a Phalanx Formation
Hoplite Battles
Hoplite Ideals
8.4.A Do Not
But Stand Your Ground
8.4.B The Worthy Man in War
The Battle of Champions
The Spartan or Hoplite Ideology
Hoplites and Politics
Links of Interest
Archaic Athens From Draco t o
9.1
9.2
9.3
Draco's Law of Homicide (621/0)
Draco's Harsh Laws
The Background to Solon's
9.3.A The Situation Before Solon's Archonship
9.3.B Solon's Election
9.4 Solon's
Policy (594)
9.5 Solon's Rejection of Tyranny
9.6 Solon's
Land and Debts
9.6.A Solon's
Concerning Debts
9.6.B Solon on His
9.7 Solon's
Export and Trade
9.8 Solon's Political
9.8.A Solon's Classes and Their Respective Offices
9.8.B Solon and Election to Offices
9.9 Solon's Judicial
9.10 The Solonian Polis
A Link to a Bust of Solon
10
120
121
122
123
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125
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Tyranny in Athens
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
Solon and King Croesus
Athens after Solon
Rivalry for Power
at Tyranny (561/0)
Peisistratus' Second Attempt at Tyranny, His Exile
and Return (556-546)
10.5.A Peisistratus Marries Megacles' Daughter
10.5.B Peisistratus' Exile
10.6 Peisistratus in Exile
10.7
(546-528/7)
10.8 Peisistratus'
Athenian Coinage
Rule
128
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134
135
136
137
139
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140
141
142
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143
144
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10.8.II Early Athenian Coins and the City
of Athens Under the Tyrants
WEB46
10.9 Tyranny and the Athenian Elite: The Archon List
146
10.10 The
(514/3)
147
10.10.A Drinking Songs Honoring the Tyrannicides
148
10.10.B The Statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton
149
10.11 Thucydides on the Athenian Tyrannicides
10.12 The
of the Tyrants (511/0)
150
11 Cleisthenes and Athenian Democracy (508/7)
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.5
11.7
11.8
Cleisthenes and His Opposition
(508/7)
11.2.B Athenian
Cleisthenes Enfranchises Athenian
Membership in the
Ostracism (Ostrakismos)
11.5.A
by Potsherds
11.5.B Ostraka
Ath.
on Ostracism and the Dating
of
Introduction
Generalship
Athenian Public Building ca. 500
12 Archaic Society and Culture: Gender,
Sexuality, Banquets, and
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
Youth: Kouros
Homoerotic Couples
Courting Men and
A Law Against Courtship of Free Boys by Slaves
Sex, Power, and the Eurymedon Vase
Love and the Symposion
Love
12.7.II Symposion, Wine, and
12.8 The Banquet (Symposion)
12.9
and the Rewards of Victory
12.9.A A Prize in the Panathenaic
12.9.B A Victory Ode
12.10 Greek Games and a Dissenting Voice
Archaic Women: Sappho on Love
12.11.B What is Beauty?
12.12 Sappho, Aphrodite, and Phrasiclea
Sappho's Invitation of Aphrodite
153
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157
158
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170
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176
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12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
13
Seducing Maidens
Anacreon's "Thracian
Portraits of Wives
Sappho, Andromache, and Agariste
Sappho's
on Andromache's
Arrivai in Troy
The Marriage of Agariste
Archaic Law
13.5
13.6
14
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Archaic Creek Religion
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.5
14.6
14.7
15
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The Law of Dreros
The Gortyn Law on Sexual Misconduct
The Gortyn Law on Division of Property
Solon's Laws Concerning Inheritance, Dowry,
Women Outdoors, Parental Support,
and Sexual Misconduct
A Treaty Concerning Seizure of Men Abroad
Changing the Law
13.2
13.3
13.4
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177
WEBS7
178
WEBS7
Herodotus on
and Hesiod's Contribution
to Greek Religion
Athens Purifies
(426/5)
Worship
Greek Temples and the Mysteries
of Demeter in Eleusis
14.4.A The Mysteries and Hades
14.4.B The Macron Cup with Triptolemus
The to Demeter
The Decree of Offering First-Fruits
in Eleusis (420s)
Links of Interest
The lonian
Persians and
15.1
15.2
15.3
Croesus and Delphi
Persia and the Ionians
Ionians, Greeks, and Persians
Herodotus on the Ionians and Their
Response to the Persian Occupation
15.3.II
Sparta
Cultural Exchange between Greeks
and Persians
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186
186
187
188
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192
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15.4
15.5
The Greek Tyrants at the Bridge (ca. 513)
King Darius I and His Administrative
195
15.6
The Causes of the Ionian
(499-494)
15.6.A Aristagoras' Naxian Campaign
Aristagoras Banishes Tyrants
Aristagoras'
and Histiaeus' Message
for Help in Greece (500)
Aristagoras in Sparta
The
of Miletus and Phrynichus'
Capture Miletus (494)
The Change of Persian Policy in
196
196
197
15.7
15.8
15.9
16 The Battle of Marathon (490)
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
Surrender
The Spartans' Attempt to Atone for
the Killing of Persian Envoys
The Persian
and Athens' Request
for Help (490)
16.3.A The Persians Arrive at Marathon
16.3.B Athens Requests Help from Sparta
The Battle of Marathon (490)
16.4.A The War Council Before Battle
and the Fighting in Marathon
The Persian Cavalry
Monuments of the Battle of Marathon
An Attempt to Capture the City with
Alcmeonid Aid?
The
of Marathon and
16.6.A An
on Marathon
16.6.B Aeschylus' Epitaph
16.6.C The Mound at Marathon
After Marathon
A Link to an Image of a Greek
Soldier Fighting a Persian
Aristophanes on the Warriors
of Marathon
16.7.III Miltiades after Marathon
Darius' War Plans after Marathon
17 The Persian War
Greek Perspectives of the Persian War
The Bridging of the Hellespont
B Punishing the Hellespont
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17.3
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.9
Greeks' Views of Persians
Aeschylus on the Persian Defeat
and Humiliation
on Persian Royal Education
and
Themistocles and His Naval Program
17.3.A
17.3.B
Project
Herodotus on Themistocles' Building
of the Athenian Navy
The Athenian
The Lenormant Relief of a
Olympia
at Sea
Explanatory Comments on the Athenian
Greek Responses to
Themistocles
the Return
of Ostracized Athenians
The Hellenic Alliance Against Persia
17.9.A The
About the War
17.10 The Greek Retreat from Thessaly
and its Aftermath (480)
17.10.A Retreat from Thessaly
The Greeks' Lines of
17.11 The Battle of
(480)
17.11.A
Plan
Leonidas
to Stay
Commemorating the Spartans
of Thermopylae
17.12 From Artemisium to Thermopylae
Herodotus on the Battle
Artemisium
Themistocles Encourages the Ionians
and the Carians to
Xerxes
Demaratus Informs Xerxes about
the Spartans
17.12.IV
Stand
at Thermopylae and Leonidas' Fate
17.13 The Evacuation of Athens
The Athenians Ask
a Second Oracle
17.13.B
17.13.C A Faulty Peloponnesian Strategy
17.14
Choice
The First Athenian Consultation
of Delphi About Continuing
the War Against Persia
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233
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the
Evacuation of Athens
17.15 The Battle of Salamis (480)
17.15.A
of Battle
17.15.B The Persian Movements
The Battle Plan of Salamis
17.15.D Aeschylus' Description of the Battle
of Salamis
17.16 The Greeks in Salamis
Herodotus on the Battle of Salamis
Competing
for the Honor
of Fighting at Salamis
17.17 The Battle of Plataea (479)
Athens
Loyalty to the Greek Cause
17.17.B The Spartan
to Plataea
17.17.C The Plataea Oath
17.18 Herodotus on the Battle of Plataea
the Battle of Plataea
Simonides on the Spartans' Departure
for Plataea
17.19.B Dedications to the Gods
17.19.C Those Who Fought in the War
Pausanias and the
of Plataea
17.21 The Battle of Mycale (479)
17.22 Links of Interest
18
The Athenian Empire
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
Rebuilding
(479/8)
Themistocles and Sparta
Themistocles and the Fortification
of Piraeus
18.2.II Themistocles' Opposition to Sparta's
Plan to Punish Medized States
Pausanias of Sparta, Athens, and the Allies
18.3.A
The Spartans Relinquish Their Command
Aristides and the Ionians
Pausanias Seeks Support from Xerxes
The Formation of the Delian League (478)
18.5.A The Goals of the Delian League
18.5.B Liberating the Greeks
Managing the League
18.5.D Establishing the Tribute
Comments on the Delian League's Original
Annual Tribute and Structure
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240
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253
253
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.11
18.12
18.13
18.14
and the Athenian Empire: The Conquest
of Eion, Scyros, Carystus, and Naxos (477/6-465)
18.7.A The Capture of Eion
The Capture of Scyros
The Subjugation of Carystus and Naxos
Themistocles' Exile; Cimon and Theseus
Themistocles' Ostracism and Exile
Cimon and Theseus
in Asia Minor and the Battle
of
(469-466)
18.9.A
Successes in Asia Minor
18.9.B The Battle of Eurymedon
Eulogizing the Dead of Eurymedon
Cimon in Asia Minor; the Painted Stoa
Cimon's
in Asia Minor
(470-467/6)
The Painted Stoa and
Possible
Association with Cimon
in Northern Greece (465/4-463/2)
Sparta's Wars in the
the Great Helots'
and the Mt.
Affair (473-460)
18.12.A Sparta's Peloponnesian Conflicts
18.12.B The Great Earthquake and the
Messenian
C The Debate in Athens over Helping Sparta
18.12.D The Spartans Send the Athenians
Back Home
Leotychidas' Exile and Pausanias' Second
Recall and Death
Leotychidas, Bribes,
and Exile (ca. 476)
Pausanias' Second Recall and Death
(ca. 470)
The Messenians Settle Naupactus
19 Empowering Athenian Democracy
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
Ephialtes'
(462/1)
Ephialtes and the Areopagus
19.1.B The Areopagus after
Aeschylus and the Areopagus;
Aeschylus and the Areopagus
Blocking
Decrees Paranomon)
Examination of State Officiais (Dokimasia)
Rendering Accounts (Euthynaï)
254
255
255
256
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271
273
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
19.12
19.13
19.14
19.15
Expanding
Pericles'
to the Archonship
Measures
Mechanisms and State Salary (Misthos)
19.8.A Public Pay and Offices
19.8.B
Wages
of State Salaries
An Elitist Perspective on Pericles' Relationship
with the Demos
Pericles' Citizenship Law
Philochorus on the Background
of Pericles' Law
B Plutarch on the Background
of Pericles' Law
Ath.
on Pericles' Citizenship Law
Pericles and Thucydides Son of Melesias
Pericles' Building Program and Leadership
The Controversy over Pericles'
Building Program and the Ostracism
of Thucydides son of Melesias (444/3)
Pericles' Leadership
Links of Interest
20 War and Peace in Creece ( 4 6 1 / 0 - 4 3 7 / 6 )
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
20.10
20.11
20.12
20.13
20.14
Athens' Clash with Corinth Over Megara (461/0)
Athenian Pride in their Victory over Corinth
The Athenian
to Egypt (460)
20.3.A The Egyptian
20.3.B Defeat in Egypt
Diodorus on the Egyptian
(460)
Athens Campaigns on Several Fronts (460-459)
Thucydides on Athenian Campaigns in 460-458
The Long
(458)
Ancient Accounts About the Long Walls
The Battle of Tanagra (458)
Cimon and the Battle of Tanagra (457)
The Peace of Callias (450?)
Athenian Campaigns
Athenian Campaigns in Western
Greece (ca. 453)
Cimon's Last Campaign (451)
The Peloponnesian Invasion of Attica (446)
The Euboean Campaign and the
Peloponnesian Invasion
20.13.B Pericles Bribes the Spartans to Retreat
Pericles Punishes Euboea (446)
274
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277
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19
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291
292
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20.15 The Thirty-Year Peace Between Athens
and Sparta (446/5)
Athenian Concessions in
the Thirty-Year Peace
B The Arbitration Clause in
the Thirty-Year Peace
The Thirty-Year Peace and Argos' Neutrality
Athenian Colonization and the Colony
of
Athenian Foundations of Colonies
The Foundation Decree of Brea
20.18 A
City Plan
20.19 The Foundation of Thurii in Italy (444/3)
20.20 The
21
The Administration of the Empire
and the Athenian Tribute Quota Lists
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
22
The Cleinias Decree
The Tribute Quota List of 453/2
The Erythraean Decree (453/2)
Athens and the Allies
Athens' Intervention in
the
Affairs
21.4.II
Over the Allies
The
Toward the Empire
21.6.A Athens' Services to the Allies
21.6.B
Toward Athens
A
Pragmatic Attitude Toward
the
Conduct
293
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296
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300
303
304
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306
307
307
308
The City of Athens
22.1
22.2
Building
The Parthenon and Athena's Statue
The Statue of Athena Parthenos
Pericles, Phidias, and Athena's Statue
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22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.7
Building the
22.3.II The Athenian Acropolis
The City Dionysia: Religion,
and the State
The Dionysian Procession
Dithyrambic Performances
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The Theater of Dionysus
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W£B133
22.8
23
W£B140
The Sophists, Athenian Democracy,
and
Critics
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
24
in the Theater
22.7.II The Theater of Dionysus at Athens
Links of Interest
The
Justice
312
Right and Might
313
Justice and Expediency
314
Antigone and the Debate with the Sophists
315
Tyranny and Democracy in Euripides'
Suppliant Women
Democracy and
Alternatives
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A
Debate over the Merits of Democracy,
Oligarchy, and Monarchy
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23.6.II Pericles' Funeral Oration
Criticizing Democracy
Criticism of the
Use of the Lot
The Causes of the Peloponnesian W a r
and the Athenian and Spartan
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
24.6
24.7
24.8
Thucydides' View of the Causes of
the Peloponnesian War
The Epidamnus and Potidaea
The Epidamnus Affair (436-433)
24.2.II The Potidaea Affair (433-432)
The Megarian Decree (432?), Corinthian Pressure,
and Spartan Demands
24.3.A Thucydides on the Megarian Decree
Plutarch on the Background to
the Megarian Decree
Corinth Urges Sparta to Go to War
24.3.D The Spartan Demands
Aristophanes on Pericles, Aspasia, and the
Megarian Affair
The Spartan (Archidamian) Strategy
24.5.A Spartan
of the Athenian
24.5.B Greek
Toward Athens
King Archidamus Advises the Spartans
About the War
The "Periclean Strategy"
24.7.A Pericles on the Athenian Strategy
The Superiority of Naval Power
Athenian and Spartan "Characters"
and
321
322
WEB147
WEB147
323
323
324
325
326
326
327
328
328
328
329
Thucydides on the Spartan and
Athenian "National Characters"
and Their Impact on
on Problems of the
Spartan and Athenian
25 The Peloponnesian War: The
War
25.1
Athens and the Plague
25.1.A A Mass Grave in Athens
25.1.B Thucydides on
Conduct
During a Plague
25.2 Pericles' Conviction; the Plague
Plutarch on Pericles' Conviction
25.2.II Thucydides on the Plague in Athens
25.3 Pericles' Political Successors
25.4 Athens Opens a Second Front in Sicily (427)
25.5 Nicias and
Plutarch on Nicias
25.5.B Cleon and the Demos
Aristophanes on Cleon
25.6 Nicias; Cleon; the Mytilenean Affair
Nicias' Piety and Munificence
Aristophanes' Depiction of Cleon as
the People's Watchdog
25.6.III The Mytilenean Affair (428-427)
25.7 The
Campaign (425)
25.7.A Demosthenes' Plan
Sparta Offers Peace
The
The Impact of Sphacteria
25.7.E A Spartan Shield from Pylos
The Battle on the Island of Sphacteria
25.9 Brasidas
25.9.A Brasidas' Impact
Brasidas' Speech to the Acanthians
Athens Punishes Torone
25.9.D Brasidas' Last Honors
25.10 Yearnings for Peace in Athens
25.11 The Peace of Nicias (421)
Athens' and Sparta's Motives
for the Peace
25.11.B Selected Terms of the Peace of Nicias
26 Finances and Allies During the Archidamian War
A
Spartan War Fund
W£B156
331
332
333
334
W£B157
W£B158
334
159
335
336
336
337
WEB161
WEB161
338
338
339
341
341
342
WEB
343
343
344
345
345
346
346
347
350
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.5
26.6
27
Athenian Finance: Raising the Property Tax (Eisphora)
Raising the Tribute: The Thudippus Decree
Cleon and the
Tribute
Treatment: The Methone Decrees
The Athenian Coinage, Weights, and Measures Decree
The Uneasy Peace and t h e Sicilian
(421-413)
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
27.6
27.7
27.8
27.9
27.10
27.11
27.12
27.13
352
353
355
357
360
Alcibiades
361
27.1.A Alcibiades at the Olympic Games
361
27.1.B Alcibiades' Ambitions and the Athenians'
Attitudes Toward
362
C Alcibiades and
27.1.D Alcibiades and the Ostracism of Hyperbolus
364
The Battle of
(I); the Melian Dialogue
The (First) Battle of Mantinea (418)
70
27.2.II The Melian Dialogue
WEB174
Egesta and the Origins of the Sicilian
(416)
365
Egesta Requests Help
366
The
on the Sicilian Campaign
367
The Egestans Trick the Athenian Fact-Finding
Mission
The Athenians' Goals in Sicily
368
Alcibiades Describes the Athenian Goals
and Strategy
368
Athenian Enthusiasm for the Campaign
369
27.5.C The Athenian Armada
370
Nicias and Alcibiades Debate the Sicilian
Campaign (415)
The
and Mysteries
370
27.7.A Andocides on the Plot
372
27.7.B The Plotters Gather (?)
372
The Confiscation of the Plotters' Property
373
Thucydides on the Herms and Mysteries Affairs
WEB180
Alcibiades Escapes to Sparta
375
The Athenian Strategy in Sicily; Alcibiades' Recall
The Initial Athenian Strategy in Sicily WEB181
Alcibiades' Recall and the Impact
of His
to Sparta
Sparta Enters the War
377
Athens Sends Reinforcements to Nicias in
Sicily (414)
WEB182
The Athenian Defeat in Sicily
378
The Athenian Retreat from Syracuse
378
27.13.B The Massacre at the Assinarus River
379
27.13.C The Fate of Those Captured and
Thucydides' Review of the
27.14 Syracusan Naval Tactics Prior to the Arrivai of
Athenian
(414)
27.15 Links of Interest
28 The Peloponnesian War: The Decelean War
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.7
The Spartan Occupation of Decelea (413)
from Decelea
The
Sparta's Maritime Strategy and Persia
28.2.A The Persians Offer an Alliance
28.2.B A Spartan-Persian Treaty (412)
28.2.C The Persian King's Aegean Policy
Athenian Anti-Democrats
Contact
Alcibiades in Sparta and Asia Minor
Alcibiades' Affair with Queen
28.3.II Alcibiades' Advice to the
Satrap Tissaphernes
The Athenian Oligarchy of
28.4.A A Motion to
Political Rights
to 5,000 Citizens
28.4.B A Decree Concerning Public Offices
and the Council
Unpaid Offices and the Powers of the
5,000 and of the Council of 400
Demophantus' Decree and the
Restoration of Democracy
The Four Hundred
and
Comments on the Leaders
and Supporters of Overthrowing
Athenian Democracy in
A Board for Designing a New
Government for Athens
28.5.III The Fall of the Four Hundred
and
Constitution
Ransoming Captives and the
Decree
(408-407)
28.6.A Ransoming Captives
The Selymbrian Decree
A Third Spartan-Persian Treaty;
The Third Spartan-Persian Treaty
28.7.II Alcibiades' Return and Athenian
Views of
(407/6)
380
382
383
383
384
385
385
386
386
387
388
388
389
389
390
W£B186
WEB
391
392
393
W£B189
28.8
28.9
28.10
28.11
28.12
28.13
29
The Rule of the Thirty, t h e Athenian Amnesty,
and Socrates'
29.2
29.3
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
30
Cyrus the Younger and Lysander of Sparta
28.8.A Cyrus' Post
28.8.B The Battle of
Cyrus in Asia Minor; Alcibiades' Exile
Cyrus the Younger's Mission in Asia
Minor (407/6)
28.9.II
Exile
The Arginusae Affair (406/5)
The Battle of
(405)
Athens' Defeat and the End of the Peloponnesian
War (405/4)
Lysander Changes the Governments
of the Allies
28.12.B The
Decree
28.12.C Sparta Refuses to Destroy Athens
and Her Terms of Surrender
28.12.D Lysander
into Piraeus
the Victor
28.13.A A Dedication in Honor of Lysander
28.13.B Lysander's Extraordinary Honors
28.13.C An Athenian View of the Defeat
The Establishment of the Rule of
the Thirty (404)
The Thirty Tyrants
The Fall of the Thirty (403)
Critias' Grave Monument (?)
The Spartans' Grave at Athens
and the Athenian Amnesty (403)
The Battle between the Peloponnesians
and Athenian Democrats
29.5.B The Spartan Grave in Athens
The Settlement Between the Democrats
and the Oligarchs
29.5.D
The
of the Spartans and Their Allies
to the Thirty's Appeal for Help Against the Exiles
Socrates'
(399)
Socrates'
and Image
Sparta After t h e Peloponnesian War: Politics,
and Demography
30.1
The Accession of Agesilaus II (400)
394
394
395
WEB192
192
WEB192
396
397
398
399
400
401
401
402
402
403
405
406
407
408
409
409
409
411
412
W£B195
412
415
416
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.5
The Cinadon Conspiracy (400/399)
Empire and Wealth in Sparta
Epitadeus' Law (?) and the Shortage
of Men
30.4.A Epitadeus' Law
Land Ownership and the Shortage
of
Citizens
Princess Cynisca
Cynisca's Olympic Victories
30.5.B The Cynisca Epigram
Agesilaus and Cynisca
31 The Spartan Hegemony, the Corinthian War,
and the Peace of Antalcidas (404/3-388/7)
417
419
420
421
421
422
422
423
423
425
31.1
Sparta and Persia
426
Cyrus Requests Spartan Aid
426
31.1.B Spartan Aid to Cyrus
427
31.2 The Lessons of the Anabasis
WEB197
31.3 Agesilaus' Asian Campaign and Lysander's Demotion
427
Campaign
428
Agesilaus and Lysander
429
31.4 Lysander's Alleged Plan to
Spartan Kingship (396)
The Outbreak of the Corinthian War (395)
429
31.5.A The King Sends Money to Greece
430
Greek Grievances Against Sparta
430
Criticism of the View that Persian Bribes Led
the Greeks to Fight Sparta
WEB 199
The Loss of Spartan Maritime Hegemony (394)
431
31.8 The Battle of Cnidus (394)
WEB199
31.9 The Dexileus Monument
432
31.10 Peltasts and the Battle of
(390)
434
31.11
Reforms
The Peace of Antalcidas (388/7)
436
Comments on the Significance of the Peace
Antalcidas
31.14 The
for a Panhellenic Campaign Against Persia
438
32 From the Peace of Antalcidas (388/7) to the Battle
of Leuctra and
Aftermath (371)
32.1
32.2
32.3
The Boeotian
in the Fourth Century
Greek
and the Boeotian
Before the Fourth Century
Sparta Dissolves Greek
in the
of
Autonomy
441
442
444
32.4
32.5
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.9
32.10
32.11
32.12
32.13
32.14
32.15
32.16
Xenophon and Diodorus on the Union Between
Argos and Corinth (392-386)
Spartan Occupation of the
(Citadel)
of Thebes (382)
Views of the Spartans at the Cadmea
Diodorus on the Spartan Occupation
of the Cadmea (382)
Xenophon on the Spartans'
in Occupying the Cadmea
Affair (379/8)
32.7.A Sphodrias Invades Attica
32.7.B Sphodrias' Acquittai
Plutarch on Sphodrias' Attempt to Capture Piraeus
The Formation of the Second Athenian
League (378/7)
32.9.A The Decree of Aristoteles
Diodorus on the Second Athenian League
"Contributions" to the League
Desiring Peace
The Common Peace of 371
32.11.A The
the Common
of 371
32.11.B Epaminondas in Sparta
The Sacred Band
Leuctra (371)
32.13.A Xenophon on the Battle at Leuctra
32.13.B The Spartan
to
the Defeat in Leuctra
Plutarch on the Battle of Leuctra
The Foundation of Messene (370/69)
The Dissolution of the Peloponnesian League (365)
33 Jason of Pherae (?-370)
33.1
33.2
33.3
Jason's Power and Plans
Jason's Ambitions and Assassination
34 The Second Athenian League and Theban Hegemony
34.1
34.2
34.3
34.4
34.5
Athens' Treatment of Chalcis (Euboea)
and the Island of Paros (378/7-372)
Athens' Alliance with Chalcis
34.1.B Decrees Concerning Paros
Athens' Colonization of
(365)
Athens' Treatment of Arcesine
ca. 357/6)
for Peace in Athens (ca. 355-350)
The Theban Hegemony: A Theban Common
Peace (367)
445
WEB206
WEB206
WEB206
447
448
448
WEB206
449
450
452
453
454
455
455
455
456
457
458
459
WEB207
460
462
465
WEB209
WEB211
WEB212
466
467
467
468
469
469
WEB214
471
34.6
34.7
34.8
35
Thebes' Treatment of Orchomenus (364)
Thebes in Achaea and on the Sea
Thebes Intervenes in Achaea (366)
34.7.II
Ambitions (364)
The Battle of Mantinea (II; 362)
34.8.A The Battle Lines in Mantinea
in Mantinea
Running the Athenian Polis: Politics, Finances,
and Trade in the Fourth Century
35.1
35.2
35.3
35.4
35.5
35.6
35.7
35.8
35.9
35.10
35.11
35.12
35.13
35.14
35.15
35.16
36
WEB215
473
474
474
476
The Restored Athenian Democracy: Laws and Decrees
477
The Greater Authority of Laws
35.1.B Tisamenus' Decree
478
The Fourth-Century Assembly and Council
478
35.2.A The
Agenda
479
An Assembly Meeting
480
The
of the Assembly and Their Duties
WEB217
Fourth-Century
Leadership
482
on Athenian Speakers and Their Audience
Jury Courts
483
35.6.A A Defendant's
483
35.6.B Jurors
483
State Revenues and Taxation
484
35.7.A Import Tax
485
35.7.B
(Eisphora)
485
Paying the Property Tax
486
Athens' Income and a Taxable Property
Athens' Annual Income (ca. 341)
The Taxable Property of Demosthenes'
Father
Liturgies
487
Lightening the Burden: The Antidosis
489
The
Fund
490
Financing Military
491
35.12.A
Methods
491
35.12.B
Favors"
492
The Grain Import
492
Athens and Grain
Athens and Foreign Grain Producers
Regulating the Grain Trade
and
Products
Certification
495
A Maritime Contract
497
Aliens), Slaves, and Barbarians
36.1
472
WEB21S
of a Metic
500
36.2
Useful
Aliens
Good Metics
36.2.II Profitable Metics
Slaves and Their Occupations
Slaves' Occupations
36.3.II Bankers and Slaves
Public Slaves: The Scythian Archers
The Treatment of Slaves
The Good, Useful Slave
36.5.II
Charge
Distinguishing the Free from the Unfree
A Slave's Testimony Under Torture
Free Persons Resembling Slaves
36.6.III Fear of Resembling Slaves
Aristotle on Natural Slavery
Greeks With Barbarians
Greek and Barbarian Character
Greeks, Barbarians, and Freedom
36.8.III War against the Barbarians
36.3
36.4
36.5
36.6
36.7
36.8
37
Masculine and
37.1
37.2
37.3
37.4
37.5
37.6
37.7
37.8
37.9
37.10
37.11
37.12
Cender in
Athens
Ideals: The Ephebic Oath
The Manly Body
The
Man
Aristophanes on Prostitution and Homosexuality
Violence and Men in Love
Artisans and Manual Laborers
Men, Women, and the Household
Wives and Mothers
Running the Household
A
and the Household's Assets
Virtuous and Unfaithful Women
37.12.A A Woman of Virtue
37.12.B
Propriety
37.12.C
Adultery
37.12.D The Killing of Eratosthenes
Citizenship and the Working Mother
37.14 The Courtesan Neaera
38
Philip
38.1
38.2
38.3
of Macedonia ( 3 5 9 - 3 3 6 )
WEB226
WEB228
WEB229
WEB231
WEB231
WEB232
WEB236
501
502
503
504
WEB238
506
507
508
509
511
511
513
513
514
514
515
WEB242
519
Philip's Accession and Challenges to his Rule (359)
522
King Archelaus' Military Reforms (413-399)
WEB246
Philip's Military Reforms and Coinage
523
Phalanx Formations
524
38.4
38.5
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.9
38.12
38.13
38.14
38.15
38.16
38.17
38.18
Philip's Coinage
525
Philip's Court: Companions and Royal Boys (Pages)
526
38.4.A Philip's Companions
527
The Royal Boys or Pages
528
Philip's Wives
528
Philip and the Third Sacred War (356-346)
529
38.6.A The Phocians Pillage Delphi
530
38.6.B Diodorus on the Battle of the Crocus Field
Justin on the Battle of the Crocus Field
Plan Against Philip (352/1)
531
Philip's Capture of Olynthus (348)
534
38.9.A Philip's Capture of Olynthus
534
38.9.B Plan of an Olynthian House
535
Demosthenes on a Captive Olynthian Woman (348) WEB247
The Peace of Philocrates and the End of
the Third Sacred War (346)
536
On the Peace of Philocrates; Isocrates Appeals
to Philip
WEB249
On the Peace of Philocrates (346)
Isocrates Appeals to Philip to Lead
a Persian Campaign (346)
Athens
War on Philip (340)
538
38.13.A Philip Seizes Ships to Athens
539
38.13.B Philip and Athens Go to War
539
Demosthenes against Philip; Philip on the Propontis
Demosthenes'
to Confront
Philip (343-331)
Philip's
of Perinthus
and Byzantium and Persian
(340)
The Battle of Chaeronea (338)
540
38.15.A Diodorus on the Battle of Chaeronea
541
38.15.B Polyaenus on the Battle of Chaeronea
542
Plutarch on the Battle of Chaeronea
542
38.15.D Reconstructing the Battle
542
Philip, Elatea, and Chaeronea
Philip's Capture of Elatea in
Central Greece (339)
The Monuments of Chaeronea
Philip and the Greeks after Chaeronea (338-336)
544
38.17.A The Corinthian League
544
The
on a Common Peace
545
Alexander's Treaty with the Greeks
546
38.17.D The
547
Demosthenes' Eulogy of the Dead of
Chaeronea (338)
38.19 The Murder of Philip II (336) and the Royal
at Vergina
38.19.A The Death of Philip II
38.19.B The Vergina Royal Tombs
38.20 Justin on Philip's Assassination
38.21 Links of Interest
39 Alexander the Great (336-323)
39.1
39.2
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.7
39.8
39.9
39.10
39.11
39.12
39.13
39.14
39.15
39.16
39.17
39.18
The Destruction of Thebes (335)
39.1.A The Theban
39.1.B The
of Thebes
Alexander in Asia Minor (334-333)
39.2.A Alexander's Invading
39.2.B Alexander and the Chian Decree
Alexander in Asia Minor
The Battle of the Granicus (334)
39.3.II A Copy of Lysippus' Statue
of Alexander at the Granicus
39.3.III Alexander and the Gordian Knot
The Battle of Issus (333)
39.4.A Alexander's Victory at Issus
The Alexander Mosaic
Arrian on the Battle of Issus up to Darius' Flight (333)
Alexander Visits the Oracle of
at Siwa (332/1)
Foundations of Alexandrias
Fire in Persepolis (331-330)
Conspiracy in Court: The Philotas Affair (330)
Alexander
the
General Cleitus (328)
39.10.A The Killing of Cleitus
39.10.B
Cleitus' Death
Alexander Turns "Asian"
Alexander's Adoption of Persian Dress and Customs
Victory in India (326)
Alexander, the Macedonians, Iranians,
and the Opis Mutiny
39.14.A
Army
39.14.B The Opis Mutiny and
Aftermath
The Susa Mass Marriages
Alexander and the Exiles Decree (324)
Alexander's Death
Alexander's Last Plans
548
548
550
WEB258
553
556
556
557
557
557
559
WEB262
560
560
561
562
WEB266
564
565
567
568
569
570
WEB267
571
572
573
573
575
576
WEB270
580
Index Sources
General Index
618