* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Henretta CHP 02 powerpoint.pptx
Plymouth Colony wikipedia , lookup
Dominion of New England wikipedia , lookup
Roanoke Colony wikipedia , lookup
Province of Massachusetts Bay wikipedia , lookup
Massachusetts Bay Colony wikipedia , lookup
Province of Maryland wikipedia , lookup
Colonial American military history wikipedia , lookup
History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) wikipedia , lookup
Colony of Virginia wikipedia , lookup
Thirteen Colonies wikipedia , lookup
Colonial period of South Carolina wikipedia , lookup
Jamestown supply missions wikipedia , lookup
Starving Time wikipedia , lookup
Slavery in the colonial United States wikipedia , lookup
Catholic Church in the Thirteen Colonies wikipedia , lookup
London Company wikipedia , lookup
English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms wikipedia , lookup
Major AP Theme in this Chapter Chapter! 2! Slide Show! " Major Skills in Chapter 1" Continuity and Change Over time" How long and why did a distinctly different AMERICAN culture arise" BUT, they were still more English than anything else" Africans were forced to change the most, but they did continue stories, songs, etc." The Beginnings of Colonial America " • Purpose: To gain an understanding of" – the background of English and Spanish colonization in continental North America" – The 3 types of colonies created" • Tribute: Meso-America and Andes" • Plantation: Portuguese Brazil (SILVER), most Caribbean Islands, English Chesapeake/Southern (SUGAR)" • Neo-European: English Northern and Middle colonies" – Major problems faced in BOTH areas including Natives" – Timeframe: the 17th century (mostly)" Ideas, Beliefs Culture Major change in religions: Catholic vs Protestant vs Muslim vs. Animism This was as much political as it was Religious Environment and Geography Why did people, mostly of English ancestry develop 3 distinct colonial cultures How the geography of Europe led to exploration Major Skills in Chapter 1" Historical Argumentations" There is an ongoing debate among historians as to WHEN did an American Identity arise" Some argue when they first Englishman stepped foot on American soil" Others argue 1753 with the French and Indian War." Europeans colonize North America" • In the 16th and 17th centuries, the main focus of European colonization was the Caribbean (West Indies), East Indies, South, and Central America." • Spain conquered the largest American empire." 1 1. THE Spanish Tribute Colonies in Meso America" • • • • Encomienda system evolved from Papal decree" Haciendas arose" Mestizo and Creole arose" Casta system to keep it organized from a Spanish perspective " English Migration to North America" • In the long run, the English colonies proved more successful than others." • The main reason for this was the great number of migrants that left England in the 17th and 18th centuries." • North America was colonized by less powerful European nations, like France, Holland, Sweden, and England." • The rest of Chapter 2 focuses on the two earliest regions of English colonization in North America: the Chesapeake and New England." The English monarch most responsible for defining the Protestant reformation in England was " " "" A. B. C. D. Mary of Scotland. " James II. " Charles I. " Elizabeth I." " Edward V, and Richard III 1483-1485 (War of Roses). 2 Martin Luther asks a question" • How to make the Gospels and the Old Testament reconcile???? " • He became convinced that the church had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity — the most important being the doctrine of justification by faith alone." • Luther's study of theology was based on the via moderna, or "modern way," it emphasized on the one hand the all-powerful will of God (Predestination) and, on the other hand, human being's ability to contribute toward their salvation through Faith. " God does ALL the work, he brings the rope ties it around you drags you up with or without your consent or help Good Works? Faith?, or Grace?" • Lutherans at first came to REJECT pure faith as the only qualification for salvation, as it leads, ultimately, to Antinomianism: the charge of religious lawlessness, for how could God s will be fulfilled if everyone had Grace , and could do whatever they want. So they settled on Grace: the idea of the elect, people saved regardless of what they did. But they wanted to hold onto FAITH as an important, but not defining, element." • Relics are objects considered to be holy and the viewing of which considered meritorious, allowing the viewer to receive relief from temporal punishment for sins in purgatory. By 1509 the Elector "already owned 5,005 of them, including several vials of the milk of the Virgin Mary, straw from the manger [of Jesus], and the entire corpse of one of the innocents massacred by King Herod " • Luther said of his excommunication by the Pope: "As for me, … I do not wish to be reconciled with her; or even to hold any communication with her. Let her condemn and burn my books; I, in turn …will condemn and publicly burn the whole pontifical law, that swamp of heresies. In 1545, Luther wrote a pamphlet entitled, Against the Papacy Established by the Devil, and during his life became known for diatribes against the papacy." God does ½ the work, he pours the water down the well. You do ½ the “work” by relaxing (faith and love) and the rising water will carry you to safety 1560 Geneva Bible. Inexpensive printed bibles (In German—not Latin) led to questioning the Catholic Church" • A Jesuit (Catholic Priest) converted to Protestantism" 3 20,000 Lutherans Evicted (Ger)" Irish Catholics drowned by English Anglicans" Dutch Mennonites" Catholics butchered by French Hugonots (Protestants)" Lutheran Church Service" Hugonots butchered by Catholics" 4 Puritan Capital laws—based on Bible. Mostly Exodus & Leviticus" ! The results are a religiously divided Europe.! But it wasn’t always religious." More…" Which of the following tenants was rejected by the Calvinists" A. B. C. D. The 1588 Spanish Armada was" A. destroyed by a combination of "nimble" English ships and severe weather off the coast of Ireland." B. aided in its attack on England by storms known as "the Protestant wind." " C. An aid to the colony of Roanoke, the “Lost Colony”." D. An aid to the colony of Jamestown." papal supremacy " veneration of saints" clerical celibacy " all of the above" 2. THE Plantation Colonies" • • • • • Brazil (Portuguese)" Chesapeake (Va. & Md.)" Carolina’s" Ga." Caribbean" 5 • Demographic reasons:" – Population growth" – Internal migration to cities" • Economic reasons:" – Decline in real wages" – Farm enclosures" – Mercantilism" – Joint stock companies" Reasons for English Migration" • English power increase:" – Victory over the Spanish Armada, 1588" • Religious unrest (HenryVIII, Bloody Mary, Eliz.I, Mary of Scotland)" Chesapeake Bay Jamestown: Starving Times " • The Jamestown colony had big trouble surviving." • Many colonists did not want to work in agriculture, hoping to find precious metals instead." • Many expected the local Indians to feed and serve them." • Bad hygenic conditions, (swampy land) led to various illnesses." The Founding of Jamestown, " • In 1606, King James I granted overlapping land grants in Virginia to two joint-stock companies, the Virginia company of London and the Virginia company of Plymouth." • The Plymouth company s attempt in modern-day Maine was a failure." • In 1607, the Virginia company of London sent 144 colonists to Virginia. Only 104 even survived the journey." • In an area the local Native Americans called Tsenacomoco, these survivors founded Jamestown, in modern-day Virginia." The primary export of the Virginia Colony was" A. B. C. D. cotton."" tobacco" flax. " wheat." 6 Captain John Smith John Rolfe • During this time she agreed to marry John Rolfe, one of the leading settlers." • So why is this important?" The Pocahontas Myth" • Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan." • She saved John Smith in a mock execution ritual." • During the first Anglo-Powhatan war (1610-12), the settlers kidnapped her and held her captive for several years." • Of the original 104 settlers, only 38 survived the first winter.! John Smith, a soldier of fortune, took over the colony s leadership in 1608, imposing military discipline and improving conditions. After he left the colony in 1609, discipline collapsed again." • In the second starving time , of 1609 400 of 500 died." " 7 Powhatan Confederacy Virginia: Native American Relations" • The Jamestown colonists had landed in a Native American power struggle." • Powhatan, the leader of a powerful confederacy, hoped " "to get the English on his side." • The English could provide various militarily and economically useful goods." a drawing of a 17th century Virginia Native American • Initially, relatively good cooperation between the English and the Native Americans." • Until the English no longer needed the Amerinds." • Three Anglo-Powhatan Wars: 1610-14, 1622-32, 1644-46. Powhatan confederacy crumbled afterwards." All of the following were problems faced by the early settlers of Jamestown EXCEPT" A. The colonists often faced starvation due to lack of supplies and lack of farming skills." B. There were not enough gentlemen and specialized craftsmen to provide leadership for the colony." C. The colony was located in a malaria and typhoid infested area." D. Local Indians were unpredictable and often hostile toward the colonists." Virginia: Economic Development" • Since Virginia was conceived as a mercantilist venture, it needed to make a profit." " • John Rolfe found a profitable staple crop: tobacco." • Initially, tobacco was hugely successful. The crop shaped Virginia s way of life." • Tobacco was Land and Labor intensive. Dispersed plantations, not compact villages, and slavery were the result." 8 Early Colonial Tobacco 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco. Virginia: Labor" • Tobacco cultivation was very labor intensive, but labor was in short supply. Planters therefore turned to indentured servants as a solution." • Indentured servants were single young men and women who came to America, especially Virginia, mainly in the 17th century." • Instead of paying their passage, they agreed to work for a fixed term, usually seven years. Their contracts could be bought and sold." The colony that was established as a Catholic refuge was! " A. B. C. D. E. Maryland. " Delaware. "" Massachusetts. New Jersey." Vatican City" "" • For every servant a planter brought to Virginia, he received extra land. This was called the headright system." • However, hard work, harsh treatment, and disease resulted in a devastating mortality rate of more than 40% in the first year." • So why after 1660, were indentured servants increasingly replaced by African slaves?" Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-1750 • The tobacco boom did not last." • After 1660, only the so-called First Families (FFV) did well." 9 Maryland" • In 1632, Charles I gave Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore) a colonial charter." • In 1634, Maryland was founded, the first colony without a starving time." • Originally intended as a haven for Catholics, Protestants dominated Maryland." • The 1649 Religious Toleration Act passed to protect CATHOLICS from growing Protestant groups." • Maryland soon became a tobaccogrowing colony much like Virginia." Other southern colonies " • S. Carolina 1670" – Most slave intensive colony (rice, indigo, tobacco)" – Tied to the West Indies (Barbados)" – STRICT aristocracy" • N. Carolina 1653:" – Rebels, Squatters, Malcontents (Scots-Irish)" • Georgia 1733:" – Buffer colony with Spanish Fla." – Paternalistic philanthropic experiment" – Failed due to over control and lack of incentives" Colonization of Maryland Under the headright system," A. a colonist received 50 acres of free land for every person for whom he paid passage to Virginia." B. serious crimes were punished by decapitation. " C. a head tax was levied on every adult man and woman in the colonies. " D. the wealthiest males in the colony were allowed to go first (at the head) of community processions." Carolina" • Carolina was granted to a group of proprietors in 1663." • North Carolina was settled starting in 1665 by Virginians, and became much like Virginia." • South Carolina was settled by colonists from Barbados. Its staple was rice and it was similar to the West Indies colonies." • The split into North and South was formalized in 1729." 10 Georgia" • Founded in 1732, Georgia was not a Restoration colony." • Proprietor James Oglethorpe intended a debtor colony, a military outpost against Spanish Florida." • Savannah was designed with its military purpose in mind." • Originally, alcohol and slavery were forbidden." • In 1752, Georgia became a royal colony, growing rice and allowing slavery like S. Carolina." Which of the following is true of slavery in the English colonies?" A. The Dutch first introduced slavery to the Virginia colony in 1618." B. By the time of the American Revolution, most colonies had outlawed slavery." C. Most of the slaves in North America lived in the new England colonies. " D. Since slavery was common in England, it also was a basic feature of all the colonies." a sketch of Savannah Bacon’s(Rebellion(( 63 • 1646 Governor Berkeley agreed to a set border with Susquehanna Indian chiefs but was unable to enforce it. Illegal English squatters led to Indian complaints of encroachment on their land. " • Because of how the Royal Governors were paid, Berkeley relied on his trade monopoly with the Indians for his wealth" • Constant conflict between Natives and squatters (escaped Blacks, exIndentured Servants, runaway servants, malcontents). Berkeley always sided with the Indians" " 64 Nathaniel(Bacon( • Moved(to(Virginia(in(1874( • Son(of(wealthy(nobleman( • Given(posiCon(by(Berkeley( – Treated(like(“new”(rich(by(the( FFVs( • Old(money(and(new(money?( ( 65 66 11 AVermath( Bacon’s(Rebellion(( ! Sided(with(Rebels(when(war(broke(out(( ! English(send(troops(to(stop(rebellion( ( ! Berkeley(is(officially(recalled((removed(from(office)( (( ! New(governor(began(to(repress(leaders(of(rebellion,( killing(and(exiling(them.( ( ! The(long(term(effect(for(Indians(was(that(the(fronCer( was(again(pushed(back.( ◦ Upset(with(the(elites(in(the(East( ! Ignored(Berkeley s(request(to(leave( NaCves(alone( ! Berkeley(declares(Bacon(a(rebel( ◦ Sends(miliCa(to(stop(him( ! Bacon(defeats(miliCa(and(takes(Jamestown( ◦ Expels(Berkeley( ◦ Recalls(the(Assembly( ! Dies(of(dysentery(before(he(can(complete( any(reforms( ◦ Rebellion(dies(off(without(a(leader( 67 68 Emergence(of(slavery( ! In(1650(there(were(only(300(slaves(in(the(Chesapeake( ! Cheap(price(of(slaves(and(their(lifeCme(of(servitude( make(them(aaracCve( ! No(need(to(give(slaves(land( ! 1672(African(Royal(Company(( Growth of slavery" • Bacon s Rebellion 1675" • Success with slaves in the Caribbean" • By 1700 there 15,000 slaves in the Chesapeake" African Population of British Colonies, 1620-1780 69 70 Old Slavery and New" 71 • Slavery had traditionally existed in Africa, especially for criminals, war captives and debtors." • Slavery with a kinder, gentler face?" 72 12 The Slave Trade" • 1619(–(First(Africans(arrive( – Treated(like(indentured(servants( • 1660sd(Slave(Codes( • New(Slavery:( • In(the(late( 15th( century,( Portuguese( took(over( the(slave( trade,( keeping(a( monopoly( unCl(1600.( – Permanent( – Inherited( – Racedbased( – Harsh( 73 74 • By(1808( • Colonial(North(American( Slavery( – 10(million(Africans( taken( – Naturally(reproduced( – Labor(not(as(harsh(as(S.( America/Caribbean( • Middle(Passage( – Brutal(transportaCon( • Slaves(began(to(develop( AfricandAmerican(culture( • All(connected:( – Slavery( – Colonial(PlantaCons( – MercanClism( – CombinaCon(of(African( Culture(and(Owner‘s( culture( – Reinforced(by(White( owners( • PROTOdCAPITALISM( • Anyone(who(was(dark(was( African/Slave( 75 Slave(Religion( 76 Slave(Families( • Slaves(learned(English( • Slave(trade(destroyed( families( • Slaves(began(to(rebuild( them( – Adapted(to(owner‘s( culture( • Most(slave(resisted( ChrisCanity( – Always(a(threat(of(being( sold( – Stayed(with(tradiConal( African(beliefs( – A(few(Muslims(as(well( • Kinship(became( important( • 1st(Great(Awakening( – Extended(family(became( an(important(part(of( AfricandAmerican(culture( – Slaves(will(be(targeted(by( iCnerant(Preachers( 77 78 13 Regional(Differences(of(Slavery( RelaCve(Cost(of(Slave(vs.(Free(Labor( ! Slavery existed in all North American colonies, but it varied." ! Upper South: " ◦ tobacco, gang system" ! Lower South:" ◦ rice, indigo, task system, Caribbean slave codes" ! Middle Colonies and New England: " ◦ fewer slaves, urban slavery, domestic servants" 79 80 Slave(Society( • Being(captured(in(the(midst(( of(life( • AucConed(off( • Middle(passage( • Death(and(disease(on(boat( • IdenCty(stripped( ( • By(1750(150,000(slaves(in(the(Chesapeake( • Huge(plantaCons(ensures(conCnued(dominaCon( by(FFV s(and(House(of(Burgesses((Slavocracy).((( • Emergence(of(AfricandAmerican(culture( 3. Change from Plantation to ! The Neo-European Colonies" • New France (Canada to New Orleans via the Mississippi River" • New Netherlands" • New Sweden" • New England: N.H., Mass., Conn., R.I., (later Vermont and Maine)" • Middle Colonies: NY, NJ, PA, Delaware." 81 Early New England society would best be described as" Puritans believed that a person's salvation depended on" A. a society with no interest in liberties or rights. " B. competitive in nature. " C. communitarian in nature. " D. open and liberal." A. B. C. D. good works. " following the teachings of the church. " God's covenant of grace. " chance." 14 Puritans and the smaller Pilgrims came over for:! All of the following religious groups followed Calvinist principles except" A. B. C. D. Lutherans. " Presbyterians. " Puritans. " Huguenots." Build on the Rock! "Therefore whoever hears these sayings of Mine, and does them, I will liken him to a wise man who built his house on the rock: and the rain descended, the floods came, and the winds blew and beat on that house; and it did not fall, for it was founded on the rock. ! "But everyone who hears these sayings of Mine, and does not do them, will be like a foolish man who built his house on the sand: and the rain descended, the floods came, and the winds blew and beat on that house; and it fell. And great was its fall." ! Matthew 5 ! " " THEM TO • COVENANT—GOD TOLD BUILD A CITY ON THE HILL—A BEACON IN THE NIGHT " • ECONOMIC REASONS (most were from the Woolen Districts)" • During the Catholic reign of Mary—they came to avoid persecution (287 killed for heresy)" • To be intolerant of others." • Create a primitive Christian Communitarian Commonwealth based on charity and Christ s…" A Model of Christian Charity ! Governor (MBC) John Winthrop" Now if the Lord shall please to hear us, and bring us in peace to the place we desire, then hath He ratified this covenant and sealed our commission, and will expect a strict performance of the articles contained in it; but if we shall neglect the observation of these articles which are the ends we have propounded, and, dissembling with our God, shall fall to embrace this present world and prosecute our carnal intentions, seeking great things for ourselves and our posterity, the Lord will surely break out in wrath against us, and be revenged of such a people, and make us know the price of the breach of such a covenant. " " Puritanism: The English Reformation" COTTON MATHER helps start Salem Witch Trials 1688" • In the 16th century, Henry VIII had separated the Church of England from Rome." • Elizabeth I consolidated the Church of England along moderate lines." a portrait of Henry VIII 15 • Some members of the Church of England, the Puritans, demanded more radical Calvinist reforms." • They opposed church government through bishops, and came into conflict with the absolutist ambitions of the Stuart kings in the 17th century." • They opposed many church rituals, such as Christmas." • Separatist Puritans (a minority group called Pilgrims) wanted to form a new church, NonSeparatists Puritans SAID that they wanted to reform the system from within ." • Puritans were often persecuted by the English state in the early 17th century because they were so difficult to get along with. (Bloody Mary had 250 burned)" • The plan was to establish a spiritually pure colony in the new world, away from corrupt England." • On their second landing site, they established a settlement they called Plymouth after the hometown of some of the colonists." Puritanism: Central Beliefs" • Puritans were inspired by the theology of John Calvin." • Predestination" • Covenant of Grace v. Covenant of Works" • They engaged in constant soulsearching and study of scripture." Plymouth Plantation: The Pilgrims" • In 1620, a group of separatist Puritans ( Pilgrims ) traveled to North America aboard the ship Mayflower." • The Mayflower compact established a civil body politic for themselves and their non-Pilgrim companions." Plymouth: Survival Problems" + The Pilgrims had arrived as family groups, ready to farm." + Also, the Native American population had been decimated by an epidemic introduced by European traders, so land was available." However, The Pilgrims arrived in December, giving them no time to farm, just to build some shelter." A starving time resulted." + Native s, (decimated by disease, and internecine warfare), helped the Pilgrims survive in order to win over these strange allies . " 16 • However, the good cooperation between local Indians and English settlers was very short." • The idea of a single Thanksgiving event is mythical." • Absorbed by Puritans in 1690. So why are they remembered as so important?" Why the mass Puritan migration" • Charles 1st wanted to reclaim supreme power from Parliament" • Believed that the High Anglican church had to control the rise of Puritanism" • Many noblemen including Lord Cromwell had converted to Puritanism" • Thus, if he crushed Puritanism he might also crush the growing power of a growing Puritan Parliament." • He dismissed Parliament in 1630" • By 1642 he had to recall it to fund his war with Scotland" • It was supposed to be a model of brotherly love and economic cooperation. " • Emphasis on education (Harvard 1636)" • These ideals were reflected in the New England village settlement patterns." • The focus on subsistence agriculture and family coherence led to a rapid increase in population." Massachusetts Bay Colony" • While Plymouth (Pilgrims) remained small, a second colony, Massachusetts Bay, (Puritan) prospered." • Not QUITE a Theocracy" • In the Great English Migration 1630-1642 over 20,000 came to New Eng." • The colony was relatively well-prepared and profited from a large # of settlers." A City Upon A Hill " • Massachusetts was " "founded as a Christian " "utopia, outlined by " "John Winthrop " "in his sermon " " A Model of Christian charity. " • The colony was to be based on strict Puritan theology, as an example to the old world." • The Merrymounters showed why it was not a place of toleration" • Settlement spread and the new colonies of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire were formed by Puritan dissenters kicked out of the Commonwealth." New England: Native American Relations" 17 Puritans (NOT Pilgrims)" • Came for ECONOMIC reasons as much as religious reasons" • cruel and Unusual punishment??? " • John Cotton: Toleration is liberty to tell lies in the name of the Lord ." • You can tell a lot about a group by the names they give their children:" – Constance " – Joy From Above – Kill Sin " " " " " " " "– Increase" "– Hope" "– Wrestle With The Devil" 18 What do you suppose the F is for?" Antinomianism " • Anti = against Nomian = Law " • In other words: antinomianism is emphasizing faith over doctrine (rules, law, Gospels)." • Puritans had been accused of this heresy by Catholics, now the Puritans use it against anyone who preached that piety and moral behavior did not assure electness." • Slowly, Puritans were moving back toward the Catholic idea of works (but this time MORAL works) as a sign of sainthood . " • WHY????????????" The large-scale warfare between European settlers and the Indians of New England was called" A. B. C. D. King James's War. " Metacom's War. " Bacon's Rebellion. " Leisler's Rebellion." Religious Dissent and Secularization" • Even though the Puritans left England to escape moderate religious persecution, they did not advocate religious toleration." • 3 famous dissenters were exiled in the 1630s: Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson and Thomas Hooker." • Quakers were first exiled and then executed on return." • Disease" • Disunity" • Disposability" 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Amerinds and 3-D s" Population (in millions) 1500 1600 1700 1800 • Several major wars were fought, such as the Pequot War (1637) and King Philip s War (1675-76)." • Puritan efforts at christianizing New England Indians (Praying Towns) were relatively unsuccessful and mostly abandoned after 1676." 19 King Philip’s War " • Indian – White relations at low ebb by 1670s." • Treaties with Indians not kept, no real attempt by whites to engage with Indians, nefarious tactics to get land." • Metacom – named ‘King Philip’ by whites, chief of Wampanoags, Grandson of Massasoit (at thanksgiving feast)." • Specific grievances over loss of tribal lands, effect of alcohol and guns on people, also Puritan treatment of ‘praying Indians’ – confined to praying villages, taken away from homes and families" What did enemy s of the Pequot do?" The "half-way covenant" refers to! " A. religious concessions made to those who had not had the salvation experience." B. the responsibilities a person had to the community in which they lived. " C. the status of a couple between engagement and marriage. " D. contractual landholding responsibilities." King Phillip’s War" • Wampanoags have better of initial skirmishes – success leads to other tribes such as Nipmuc, Narragansett, Pocasset and Pocomtuck joining in – general Indian war" • But as the war drags on into 1676, Indians unable to continue a long war (lack supplies and planning). English were able to re-group and resupply, then counter-attack – eventually capture and kill King Phillip." Consequences of King Phillip’s War" • 3000 Indians killed (50% of pop), loss of tribal leaders, exile of many Indians to west, captives sold into slavery, remaining tribes confined to praying villages. End of threat in New England" • cost £100,000 - came close to bankrupting many colonies. 2500 white settlers killed, (10% of white men of fighting age), damaged 52 of the 90 settlements in New England, totally destroying 12 of them. " • Psychological - KPW so dreadful a judgment for straying from path of righteousness; a warning from God, yet victory showed God still on Puritan’s side, BUT you better act BETTER!!!!!" • White settlement restricted, doesn't t reach 1675 levels again until 1710 " • The second and third generations of Puritans often did not become full church members. The Halfway covenant was adopted in 1662 to accommodate them." • Church membership continued to decline and ultimately became today s Non-Denominational or Congregationist churches." • Puritans are important to us culturally and historically because of the ideas and ideals they left behind" – Puritan work ethic" – Blue Laws" – Importance of community" – Etc." 20 Religious Prevalence in Colonial America -Most people did not consider themselves religious during the colonial period- only about 1/5! -Most colonists arrived for nonreligious reasons! -Church membership never surpassed 20% during the colonial period! -Approximately 80% of Americans, slaves excluded, were WASPS (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants)! -Other forms of Christianity were opposed by the Protestants! Conclusion" • Overall process of colonial maturity. In only 100 years from desperate settlers fighting for survival to fullblown complex societies, economically dynamic and with a tradition of considerable self-government." • Despite many initial problems, the English colonies in the Chesapeake, New England, and Middle colonies endured and sometimes prospered." • They were greatly aided by the large numbers of migrants from England in the early 17th century." • At same time, a mother-child metaphor was widely used for colonial-imperial relationship. Trouble is builtin: what happens when the child grows up?" • All regions faced similar problems and shared some experiences, such as the decimation of the Native Americans." • New England and the Chesapeake also differed significantly in many ways such as their basic goals and outlook, family structure, settlement patterns, economic development, labor systems and political institutions." • The Middle Colonies were in all aspects-- in the middle " • Next week: process of conflict in the colonies, increased diversity, and slavery" " 21