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French Revolution World History Exam Review Lessons 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3 By Rosie, Kristen, Heaven, and Zoe Pre-Revolution France Questions Describe the Old Regime. What was the estates system? What are all the events and factors that led to the French Revolution? The Estates System The Old Regime was a class system comprised of three estates. The First and Second Estate were able to hold high offices and be exempt from paying taxes. ● ● ● The First Estate was made up the church which owned 10% of the land. The Second Estate was made up of rich nobles who owned 20% of the land. The Third Estate contained 97% of the entire French population and was made of peasants, urban workers and the bourgeoisie middle class. Pre-Revolution France This wildly unfair system of governance by the wealthy was the primary cause for revolution, but other events were important, too. The stagnated political system and slow-moving Louis XVI made it difficult to reform the system; the huge debt of the French government left over from Louis XV''s reign and continued spending by the King and Queen; and the drought and resulting food shortages which drove the price of bread too high for the average person to buy it, to name a few. The Enlightenment, a wave of new thinking, influenced the everyday person with then-radical ideas of natural rights and good government. Revolution Questions What happened at the National Assembly of 1789, and what reforms did the National Assembly introduce? What was the Tennis Court Oath? What was the Legislative Assembly, and what three groups made it up? What did it mean to be an: ● Émigré ● Sans-culotte ● Jacobin Revolution In 1789, a meeting of the Estates General was called by Louis XVI to try and get rid of French debt. On June 17, 1789, the Estates General system became the National Assembly, ending absolute monarchy in France. This change came about following the unfair voting system in the Estates General, which gave each estate one vote (allowing the rich church and nobility to constantly outvote the majority). This weighted system pushed the Third Estate to make the Tennis Court Oath. The Tennis Court Oath was a pledge, made by delegates locked out of the National Assembly meeting room, to not leave until a new constitution was written. This act of defiance caused the storming of the Bastille, the Great Fear, and complete revolution and takeover by the French people. Reform Following the takeover of the national Assembly, many reforms were introduced. Many of these reforms focused on the church, taking over the church lands and declaring that priests and other church officials had to be elected and paid as state officials. The money from the sale of church lands helped to pay off France's debt. Established by the Constitution of 1791, the Legislative Assembly was a French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war. It was split into three groups: ● ● ● Radicals: Opposed the idea of a monarchy and wanted changes in the government. Moderates: Wanted some changes in the government. Conservatives: Wanted a limited monarchy and few changes in the government. Terminology Émigrés (emigrants) were nobles and others that fled France and hoped to undo the Revolution and restore the Old Regime. Sans-culottes (the name means 'without culottes', a type of pants worn by the wealthy) were a radical group made of Parisian merchants and shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in the government, lower prices, and an end to food shortages. The Jacobin was a radical political organization headed by Maximilien Robespierre. The members were called Jacobins. Ending the Revolution Questions Describe the Great Fear. Why did it occur? What took place during Robespierre's reign? What event marks the end of this period? Why did Prussia and Austria wage war against France? The Great Fear The Great Fear was a wave of violence and attacks on manors and nobility caused by rumors that the king was going to try and eliminate the Third Estate. Maximilien Robespierre was the leader of the Jacobins, the dominant political part at the time. During a period known as the Reign of Terror, Robespierre had thousands of mostly innocent people guillotined in the name of the republic, mostly for charges of plotting against the revolution. Robespierre himself was executed by guillotine in 1794, marking the end of the Terror. . France at War France and Austria were already arguing about a territory called the Austrian Netherlands before the revolution in France. Prussia and Austria, and indeed all the absolute monarchs of Europe, were extremely nervous about the uprising in France. Austria and Prussia decided to wage war on France in order to crush the revolution and protect their own rulers and the monarchs in the rest of Europe. Radicals in France wanted to go to war with Austria because of rumors of troop movements and Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI's attempted escape to Austria, Marie's homeland Definitions ● Coup d’etat- When Napoleon was urged to, and did, seize political power. Coup d’etat means “blow to the state” in French and is used to mean a seizure of power by a political party or figure. ● Plebiscite- A vote of the people (which was held to approve the new constitution). ● Lycees- A system of government run public schools set up by Napoleon ● Napoleonic Code- A system of laws that eliminated many injustices in France ● ● Continental system- As of November,1806, Napoleon set up a blockade preventing all trade and communications between Great Britain and other European nations. It was called the Continental System because it was designed to make European nations more self sufficient and to destroy Britain’s economy. Guerilla- A system where small groups of fighters attack when the enemy is larger. For napoleon, they were Spanish peasant fighters striking the French army in Spain. They worked in small groups making it difficult for Napoleon to defeat them. They would take out troops and run into hiding Definitions Battle of Trafalgar- A major battle that Napoleon lost, which took place in 1805 on the southwest coast of Spain. The British commander, Horatio Nelson, was a skilled naval officer and captured many of Napoleons ships (Napoleon was more skilled on land). Scorched-earth policy- The Russians used this sysytem to defeat Napoleon- it involves killing and burning all the areas a retreating army leaves, so the atttacker have no source of resources. It was very effective. Waterloo- The most important battle Napoleon lost. When Prussian arrived, they joined forces with Britain and attacked the French. After two days ,the French troops, exhausted, gave way. Hundred Days- The period between Napoleon’s exile to Elba and second restoration of King Louis XVIII, and the defeat of Napoleons last attempt at control over France. Balance of Power- Britain and other Europena nations were trying to figure out a way to keep France with little power, but not powerless. They also didn’t want to split it up in fear of a revolt. France was to be a major, but diminished, European power. Napoleon Questions How did Napoleon become a Hero? What would have napoleon needed to make the Continental System work? What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna? What is the long term legacy of this event? Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon became a hero during the French Revolutiopn, when he defended National Convention delegates in 1795. He then led his army against Austria and Sardinia, bceoming well known in France. He also kept his defeats quiet. After taking control of France in 1799, he went on to conquer much of Europe as a brilliant military commander. The Continental System Napoleon failed, however, in his idea of the Continental System. This system set up blockades all around Britan in order to stop its trade. However, Britan had a much stonger navy and was able to circumvent Napoleon‘s blockades and set ones up themselves. In order for the continental system to have worked, Napoleon would have had to have a much more complete blockade set up to make sure absolutley no British ships came through, and a much stonger navy to defend them. He also relied too much on British trade. The Congress of Vienna After Napoleon‘s defeat, the heads of powerful European countries were looking for a way to establish long-term stability in Europe. The Congress of Vienna was a series of meetings between all the heads of the countries in Europe, working to create a balance of power between nations. This event is important because it was a precursor to such organizations as the European Union and United Nations, and becasue it set in place policies that would effect the world for years to come. By Heaven, Rosie, Kristen and Zoe Block 5, 5/28 Thanks!