Download 1 astronomy: midterm review – part 2

ASTRONOMY: MIDTERM REVIEW – PART 2
Use the word bank to complete the statements below. Some words may be used more than once.
Astronomical unit
Eclipses
Declination
Celestial equator
Equinoxes
Zenith
Ecliptic
East
Horizon
Eccentricity
West
Ellipse
Celestial North Pole
1. Stars appear to rise in the ______________ and set in the ______________
2. The earth rotates from _____________ to _______________
3. The mean distance from the Earth to the sun is called the _______________________
4. Analog to the Earth’s North Pole projected on to the sky is known as ________________________
5. Point directly overhead on the celestial sphere is called ____________________
6. The angular unit of measure on the sky, equivalent to latitude on Earth is known as _________________
7. The ____________________ is the extension of the Earth’s equator on the sky
8. The _________________ is the path the sun appears to take across the sky
9. _____________________ is a number describing the flatness of an ellipse
10. Two ____________________ occur each year when the sun crosses the celestial equator
11. A “flattened” circle is called a ______________________
12. _____________________ occur when one body prevents sunlight from falling on another body
13. What phase would you see Earth in if you were on the moon when the moon is full? When the moon is new?
14. How did the Ptolemaic model explain retrograde motion of the planets?
15. In what ways were the models of Ptolemy and Copernicus similar?
16. In December, is the northern hemisphere tipped toward or away from the sun? Explain
17. In June, is the northern hemisphere tipped toward or away from the sun? Explain
18. Some people still believe the Earth is flat. What “proof” would you offer them that it is round?
19. List seven forms of electromagnetic radiation from shortest wavelength to longest wavelength.
1 Name
Apparent Magnitude
Rigel
Deneb
Sirius
Betelgeuse
Spica
+0.1
+1.25
-1.5
+0.8
+1.0
20. Which star listed in the table above is the brightest? _________________________________
21. Which star listed above is the dimmest? _________________________________
A. 22. Identify the following the diagram to the right
a. vernal equinox
_____
b. autumnal equinox
_____
c.
_____
summer solstice
d. winter solstice
_____
C. D. 23. Which of the above events marks the longest
B. day of the year? _____________________
24. Which of the above events marks the shortest day of the year? ________________
25. Name two things that occur on an equinox.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
26. Would the North Star be useful for navigation if you lived in Australia? Explain
27. What would you suggest to astronomers who want to observe the universe using gamma rays, x-rays or
ultraviolet rays?
28. Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses
29. Explain why only one side of the moon may be viewed from Earth.
30. What do all electromagnetic waves have in common? __________________________________________
31. The force of attraction varies with what two factors? ____________________________________________
32. When would the attraction decrease:
a. When the objects are closer together or further apart? __________________________
b. When one of the masses is doubled or halved? _______________________________
33. Suppose the moon were closer to Earth. How would the force of gravity between the Earth and the moon be
different? ___________________________________
34. The earth moves more slowly during summer in the northern hemisphere than during the winter. Is the Earth
closer to the sun in the summer or the winter? Explain
2 35. Are any of the orbits shown in figure 8-12 a possible orbit for a
planet? Explain
36. Explain Galileo’s contribution to the Heliocentric model
37. Label the diagram below Type of Radiation
___________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________________________! Energy (E) "__________________________
_________________________! Frequency (f) "_________________________
_______________________! Wavelength (λ)
" ________________________
38. Sketch and label each phase of the moon on the diagram below
39. When does the new moon rise? __________________________
3 40. When does the full moon rise? __________________________
41. Name that astronomer
a. First to use a telescope to observe the heavens ___________________
b. Gathered precise astronomical data without a telescope ___________________
c.
Showed that planetary orbits were elliptical
d. First proposed the heliocentric model
_________________________
_________________________
42. Use the table to the right to answer the following questions
a. Which planets have orbits that are more eccentric than the Earth?
______________________________
b. Which two planets have orbits that are nearly circular?
_____________________________
43. Ceres is an asteroid that revolves around the sun in 4.6 years. What is the
orbital radius of Ceres?
44. Vesta has an orbital radius of 2.36 AU. What is Vesta’s orbital period?
USEFUL FORMULAS
Comparing LGP
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Magnifying Power
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A compared to B
Fp = focal length primary lens/mirror
DA, DB = diameter of lens Fe = focal length eyepiece
8
Speed of light
c = λf
c = 3.0 x 10 m/s
Energy
E = hf
h = 6.63 x 10
-34
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4 MIDTERM REVIEW: ANSWER KEY
1. East, west
5. Zenith
10. Equinoxes
2. West, east (counter
6. Declination
11. Ellipse
7. Celestial equator
12. Eclipses
3. Astronomical unit
8. Ecliptic
13. New, full
4. Celestial north pole
9. Eccentricity
14. Using epicycles
clockwise)
15. Both had uniform circular orbits about one central point
16. The North Pole is tipped away from the sun because we are experiencing winter. The sun will spend less time in
the sky; the sun’s rays will be less direct which together will result in less heating.
17. The North Pole is tipped towards the sun because we are experiencing summer. The sun will spend more time in
the sky, the sun’s rays will be more direct which together result in greater heating.
18. Observed spherical shadows during eclipses
19. (shortest) Gamma-rays < x-rays < UV < visible < IR < microwaves < radio waves (longest wavelength)
20. Sirius
21. Deneb
22. Vernal equinox = D, autumnal equinox = C, summer solstice = A, winter solstice = B
23. Summer solstice
24. Winter solstice
25. Length of day = length of night; when the sun crosses the celestial equator
26. No. The north star is a circumpolar star that can only be seen in the northern hemisphere
27. Use a satellite that will record data from above the earth’s atmosphere, since those types of EM radiation cannot
transmit through the atmosphere.
28.
Characteristic
Relative position (E, S, M)
Relative time of totality
Body casting shadow
Phase of Moon during event
Can be viewed by
Lunar Eclipse
Solar Eclipse
Sun – Earth – Moon
Sun – Moon – Earth
Longer since shadow is larger
Short
Earth casts shadow on moon
Moon casts shadow on earth
Full moon
New moon
Any part of the world experiencing
During the day from a specific place in
nighttime
the path of totality
29. The period of rotation = period of revolution
32. a. Further apart b. Doubled
30. Same speed, speed of light
33. Increase
31. Mass and separation distance
34. According the Kepler’s 2
nd
law, the planets move faster at perihelion, or closest to the sun; closer in winter
st
35. D. Because the orbit is an ellipse with the sun at one focus (Kepler’s 1 law)
36. Galileo’s observations of the four moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus
37.
Radio
Microwaves
IR
Visible
UV
X-rays
Gamma Rays
__________________________!
Low Energy
(E) "__________________________
high Low Frequency
high _________________________!
(f) "_________________________
Long short _______________________! Wavelength (λ) " ________________________
5 38.
39. sunrise = 6 am
40. sunset = 6 pm
41. a. Galileo
b. Brahe
c. Kepler
d. Copernicus
42. a. Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Pluto (> 0.017)
b. Venus, Neptune (closest to 0)
43. 2.8 AU
44. 3.63 yrs
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