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ASTRONOMY: MIDTERM REVIEW – PART 2 Use the word bank to complete the statements below. Some words may be used more than once. Astronomical unit Eclipses Declination Celestial equator Equinoxes Zenith Ecliptic East Horizon Eccentricity West Ellipse Celestial North Pole 1. Stars appear to rise in the ______________ and set in the ______________ 2. The earth rotates from _____________ to _______________ 3. The mean distance from the Earth to the sun is called the _______________________ 4. Analog to the Earth’s North Pole projected on to the sky is known as ________________________ 5. Point directly overhead on the celestial sphere is called ____________________ 6. The angular unit of measure on the sky, equivalent to latitude on Earth is known as _________________ 7. The ____________________ is the extension of the Earth’s equator on the sky 8. The _________________ is the path the sun appears to take across the sky 9. _____________________ is a number describing the flatness of an ellipse 10. Two ____________________ occur each year when the sun crosses the celestial equator 11. A “flattened” circle is called a ______________________ 12. _____________________ occur when one body prevents sunlight from falling on another body 13. What phase would you see Earth in if you were on the moon when the moon is full? When the moon is new? 14. How did the Ptolemaic model explain retrograde motion of the planets? 15. In what ways were the models of Ptolemy and Copernicus similar? 16. In December, is the northern hemisphere tipped toward or away from the sun? Explain 17. In June, is the northern hemisphere tipped toward or away from the sun? Explain 18. Some people still believe the Earth is flat. What “proof” would you offer them that it is round? 19. List seven forms of electromagnetic radiation from shortest wavelength to longest wavelength. 1 Name Apparent Magnitude Rigel Deneb Sirius Betelgeuse Spica +0.1 +1.25 -1.5 +0.8 +1.0 20. Which star listed in the table above is the brightest? _________________________________ 21. Which star listed above is the dimmest? _________________________________ A. 22. Identify the following the diagram to the right a. vernal equinox _____ b. autumnal equinox _____ c. _____ summer solstice d. winter solstice _____ C. D. 23. Which of the above events marks the longest B. day of the year? _____________________ 24. Which of the above events marks the shortest day of the year? ________________ 25. Name two things that occur on an equinox. ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 26. Would the North Star be useful for navigation if you lived in Australia? Explain 27. What would you suggest to astronomers who want to observe the universe using gamma rays, x-rays or ultraviolet rays? 28. Compare and contrast solar and lunar eclipses 29. Explain why only one side of the moon may be viewed from Earth. 30. What do all electromagnetic waves have in common? __________________________________________ 31. The force of attraction varies with what two factors? ____________________________________________ 32. When would the attraction decrease: a. When the objects are closer together or further apart? __________________________ b. When one of the masses is doubled or halved? _______________________________ 33. Suppose the moon were closer to Earth. How would the force of gravity between the Earth and the moon be different? ___________________________________ 34. The earth moves more slowly during summer in the northern hemisphere than during the winter. Is the Earth closer to the sun in the summer or the winter? Explain 2 35. Are any of the orbits shown in figure 8-12 a possible orbit for a planet? Explain 36. Explain Galileo’s contribution to the Heliocentric model 37. Label the diagram below Type of Radiation ___________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________________________! Energy (E) "__________________________ _________________________! Frequency (f) "_________________________ _______________________! Wavelength (λ) " ________________________ 38. Sketch and label each phase of the moon on the diagram below 39. When does the new moon rise? __________________________ 3 40. When does the full moon rise? __________________________ 41. Name that astronomer a. First to use a telescope to observe the heavens ___________________ b. Gathered precise astronomical data without a telescope ___________________ c. Showed that planetary orbits were elliptical d. First proposed the heliocentric model _________________________ _________________________ 42. Use the table to the right to answer the following questions a. Which planets have orbits that are more eccentric than the Earth? ______________________________ b. Which two planets have orbits that are nearly circular? _____________________________ 43. Ceres is an asteroid that revolves around the sun in 4.6 years. What is the orbital radius of Ceres? 44. Vesta has an orbital radius of 2.36 AU. What is Vesta’s orbital period? USEFUL FORMULAS Comparing LGP !"#! !"#! = !! 2 !! Magnifying Power 𝑀= !! !! A compared to B Fp = focal length primary lens/mirror DA, DB = diameter of lens Fe = focal length eyepiece 8 Speed of light c = λf c = 3.0 x 10 m/s Energy E = hf h = 6.63 x 10 -34 J•s 4 MIDTERM REVIEW: ANSWER KEY 1. East, west 5. Zenith 10. Equinoxes 2. West, east (counter 6. Declination 11. Ellipse 7. Celestial equator 12. Eclipses 3. Astronomical unit 8. Ecliptic 13. New, full 4. Celestial north pole 9. Eccentricity 14. Using epicycles clockwise) 15. Both had uniform circular orbits about one central point 16. The North Pole is tipped away from the sun because we are experiencing winter. The sun will spend less time in the sky; the sun’s rays will be less direct which together will result in less heating. 17. The North Pole is tipped towards the sun because we are experiencing summer. The sun will spend more time in the sky, the sun’s rays will be more direct which together result in greater heating. 18. Observed spherical shadows during eclipses 19. (shortest) Gamma-rays < x-rays < UV < visible < IR < microwaves < radio waves (longest wavelength) 20. Sirius 21. Deneb 22. Vernal equinox = D, autumnal equinox = C, summer solstice = A, winter solstice = B 23. Summer solstice 24. Winter solstice 25. Length of day = length of night; when the sun crosses the celestial equator 26. No. The north star is a circumpolar star that can only be seen in the northern hemisphere 27. Use a satellite that will record data from above the earth’s atmosphere, since those types of EM radiation cannot transmit through the atmosphere. 28. Characteristic Relative position (E, S, M) Relative time of totality Body casting shadow Phase of Moon during event Can be viewed by Lunar Eclipse Solar Eclipse Sun – Earth – Moon Sun – Moon – Earth Longer since shadow is larger Short Earth casts shadow on moon Moon casts shadow on earth Full moon New moon Any part of the world experiencing During the day from a specific place in nighttime the path of totality 29. The period of rotation = period of revolution 32. a. Further apart b. Doubled 30. Same speed, speed of light 33. Increase 31. Mass and separation distance 34. According the Kepler’s 2 nd law, the planets move faster at perihelion, or closest to the sun; closer in winter st 35. D. Because the orbit is an ellipse with the sun at one focus (Kepler’s 1 law) 36. Galileo’s observations of the four moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus 37. Radio Microwaves IR Visible UV X-rays Gamma Rays __________________________! Low Energy (E) "__________________________ high Low Frequency high _________________________! (f) "_________________________ Long short _______________________! Wavelength (λ) " ________________________ 5 38. 39. sunrise = 6 am 40. sunset = 6 pm 41. a. Galileo b. Brahe c. Kepler d. Copernicus 42. a. Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Pluto (> 0.017) b. Venus, Neptune (closest to 0) 43. 2.8 AU 44. 3.63 yrs 6