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Transcript
Chapter 17 Naming and Organizing Plants and Microbes Botanical Nomenclature Nomenclature- the giving and using of names Historically, there have been two independent kinds of nomenclature. Through the ages, humans have given organisms common names of local relevance, which often reflect appearance and usefulness. “The first step to wisdom is getting things by their right names.” Chinese proverb Disadvantages Scientific names Scientific names developed during the period from the 13th-18th century. The process of naming plants varied from botanist to botanist. Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Luisovalles The name of a species consisted of a generic name (noun) followed by 1 or more Latin modifiers. Ex: buttercup (Polynomial system) Ranunculus calycibus retroflexis, pedunculis falcatis, caule Erecto, foliis compositis “the buttercup with bent-back sepals, curved flower stalks, erect stems and compound leaves.” Scientific names- (Binomial system) Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1779) (originally Carl von Linné) Botanists gradually adopted a set of standardized procedures for naming plants Linnaeus published a book called Philosophia Botanica Carl von Linné, Alexander Roslin, 1775. Currently owned by and displayed at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Scientific names (Binomial system) Generic name: Amorphophallus Species name: titanum (specific epithet) Scientific names are generally basedin classical languages such as Greek or Latin. Names of Taxa above the Genus Level Today, we have a set of formalized rules for naming plants. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature The taxonomic rank can automatically be determined from the name. Species names Two-word name consisting of: 1) Generic name 2) Specific epithet Ex: Zea mays Generic names - Generic name (genus name) is treated as a Latin noun red pine, (Pinus resinosa) white pine, (Pinus strobus) Genera may include as few as one species Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) jack pine, (Pinus banksiana) Specific epithet Scientific names are often written with their author or authors. The author(s) are the individual or individuals that have named the plants. 10 μm 10 μm CS 416 (Type) Specific epithet Nannochloropsis australis M.W. Fawley, I. Jameson, and K.P. Fawley Lotus corniculatus L. Lotus heermannii (Dur. & Hilg.) Greene Generic name : Lotus The specific epithet means “bearing a horn-like projection” The second species was named after A.L. Heerman (Heerman’s lotus) Lotus corniculatus L. The author for the specific epithet corniculatus: Lotus heermannii (Dur. & Hilg.) Greene The specific epithet was originally named by E.M. Durand and T.C. Hilgard. Parenthetical authors: Greene transferred the specific epithet heermannii from the genus Hosackia to the genus Lotus. Combining author: CS-759 Plant names also may signify subspecies, varieties or cultivars The two-part (binomial) scientific name may be followed by a subspecies name. Subspecies Zea mays subspecies mays Zea mays subspecies parviglumis Scientific names of commercial ornamental or garden plants are often followed by a variety or cultivar name. Variety https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach#/media/File: White_nectarine_and_cross_section02_edit.jpg https://www.facebook.com/peachpickinparadise / Prunus persica Prunus persica var. nucipersica (or var. nectarina) Cultivar Solanum lycopersicum Pink Berkley tie-dye http://www.rareseeds.com/pink-berkeley-tie-dye-tomato/ Hybrid result from crossbreeding between two species or two genera. Hybrids that maintain characteristics different from their parent and do not crossbreed with parents are given their own species names. Ex: orchid hybrid Laeliocatteya Named for parent genera - Laelio and Catteya Solanum lycopersicum Cherokee purple http://www.rareseeds.com/cherokee-purple-tomato/ Around the world there are many important plant collections known as herbaria (sing. herbarium). Herbaria Herbarium specimens -commonly consist of dried plants -pressed, mounted, and labeled Resources for identifying plants include identification keys Professional biologists use dichotomous keys A dichotomous key uses a series of paired mutually exclusive statements that divides a set of objects into progressively smaller subsets. Plants and other organisms are classified according to relationships. -bryophytes -lycophytes -ferns -gymnosperms -angiosperms Plants and other organisms are classified according to relationships. Fungi, algae, and bacteria How do we classify all of this diversity? Theophrastus (371 – 287 BC) He organized the 500 plants known by the ancient Greeks into three main categories: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrast us#/media/File:Teofrasto_Orto_botanic o_detail.jpg Plants were then classified into smaller groups based on the basis of vegetative characteristics (Ex: leaves). The structure of plant stems, leaves, and roots are often more strongly influenced by the environment in which it evolved. Linnaeus advanced the science of classification by using floral characteristics to organize flowering plants. Using reproductive characteristics (flowers; fruits) and molecular evidence Ex: Difference species of Begonia Study outline for Chapter 17-Naming and Organizing Plants and Microbes -Know terms-nomenclature, common name, scientific name -Understand the disadvantages of common names -Understand the importance of scientific names (polynomial system) and the Linnaean system (binomial system) -Understand International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and the concept of taxonomic rank -Understand the different parts of a species name-generic name, specific epithet, author, parenthetical author, combining author -Understand intraspecific taxa; Know terms-subspecies, varieties, cultivar, hybrid -Know the importance of a herbarium and use of dichotomous keys -What are some of the characteristics upon which modern plant classification is based? -Why are reproductive characteristics, such as the structure of the flowers, used more heavily than root, stem, and leaf anatomy?