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3.2 Organ Systems
Organs and Systems
Organ: a combination of
several types of tissues
working together to perform a
specific function
System: a group of tissues and
organs that perform specific
functions
The Body’s Organization
With respect to complexity, the human body is organized from:
CELLS
TISSUES
ORGANS
SYSTEMS
Human Organ Systems
• a group of tissues that work together to perform a job
•your body has 11 organ systems that keep you alive and
healthy
Diagram 3.2-­1 • Integumentary System
– Skin, hair, nails, glands
– Covers and protects body
– Glands help control body temperature
• Skeletal System
– Bones, cartilage
– Supports body
– Allows movement
– Protects the body
• Muscular System
– Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle, tendons, ligaments
– Works with skeletal system to provide movement
– Moves materials within the body
• Digestive System
– Mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, intestines, rectum
– Ingestion
– Digestion
– Absorption of nutrients
– Elimination of solid wastes
• Respiratory System
– Nose, mouth, trachae, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm
– Exchange of gases
• Circulatory System
– Heart, blood vessels, blood
– Transporation of materials (such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes) within the body
• Nervous System
– Brain, nerves, spinal cord
– controls bodily functions
– coordinates responses and activities
• Endocrine System
– Glands (pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenals), pancreas, ovaries and testes
– controls growth and development
– controls metabolism
• Excretory System
– Skin, kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra
– elimination of wastes
• Reproductive System
– Ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, uterus (in females)
– Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, urethra (in males)
– reproduction
• Lymphatic System
– White blood cells, thymis, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels
– protects body from disease
– circulates fluid called lymph
– absorbs and transports fats
Animal Organs
• Skin
– The largest organ in your body.
– Functions:
•
•
•
•
Protects the inner cells from damage
Acts as a defence against disease organisms
Insulates/releases heat
Excretes bodily waste.
• Two layers:
• Epidermis – outer protective layer made up of epithelial tissue.
– prevents bacteria and viruses from entering the body
– makes vitamin D when the skin is exposed to UV radiation, needed for bone development.
• Dermis – inner layer of the skin made up of connective, nervous, and muscle tissue.
– connective tissue provides structure and support
– blood and blood vessels regulate body heat by dilating to release heat, or constricting to prevent heat loss. – pores in the skin secrete sweat
– adipose tissue (layers of fat) provide insulation and protection.
– nerves sense pain, pressure, heat, and cold and send information to the brain
– muscle tissue in the dermis is responsible for goosebumps
VIDEO: Circulatory & Respiratory Systems -­ CrashCourse Biology #27 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85Fy4sQ
VIDEO: The Digestive System: CrashCourse Biology #28
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s06XzaKqELk
VIDEO: The Excretory System: From Your Heart to the Toilet -­ CC Biology #29
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtrYotjYvtU
VIDEO: The Skeletal System: It's ALIVE! -­ CrashCourse Biology #30
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RW46rQKWa-­g
VIDEO: Big Guns: The Muscular System -­ CrashCourse Biology #31
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqy0i1KXUO4
VIDEO: Your Immune System: Natural Born Killer -­ Crash Course Biology #32
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeVtPDjJBPU
VIDEO: Great Glands -­ Your Endocrine System: CrashCourse Biology #33
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVrlHH14q3o
VIDEO: The Reproductive System: How Gonads Go -­ CrashCourse Biology #34
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7rsH2loIY8
The Circulatory System
•Organ system made of
the heart, blood vessels,
blood
•absorbs and transports
nutrients and oxygen to
cells
• carries wastes to the
organs responsible for
eliminating them from
the body
Diagram 3.2-­4
The Circulatory System: The Heart
The heart is the organ that pumps the blood throughout the body.
The four chambers of the heart are the left and right atriums and
the left and right ventricles.
Valves in the heart make sure the blood always goes the right way The Circulatory System: Arteries and Veins
Arteries carry blood from the heart to all body parts.
Veins carry blood from body parts back to the heart.
Capillaries are extremely small, allow oxygen to diffuse from blood into cells, Diagram 3.2-­5
Circulation
¡the heart pumps blood to lungs – oxygen goes into blood, carbon dioxide leaves
¡Blood travels through arteries and capillaries and gives oxygen to cells, wastes are carried away
¡Blood returns to the heart through veins
The Circulatory System: Disease
• the most common causes of circulatory system disease are
hypertension (high blood pressure) and arteriosclerosis
(thickening of the walls of the arteries)
• each can cause blood clots to form
• heart attack occurs when there
is a blocked blood vessel in the
heart
• stroke occurs when there is a
blockage in a blood vessel in the
brain
Healthy (left) versus
clogged (right)
arteries.
The Respiratory System
Diagram 3.2-­6
• air is inhaled, and
O2 is extracted and
absorbed by the
blood
• CO2 leaves the
blood and is exhaled
The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange
• gas exchange (CO2/O2) between the respiratory and
circulatory systems occurs in the alveoli
• Hemoglobin
is the protein
in red blood
cells that
allows oxygen
to attach to
molecules
Diagram 3.2-­7
The Respiratory System: Disease
• the most common cause of respiratory disease is
cigarette smoking
• the chemicals present in cigarette smoke damage the
lung’s ability to exchange gases
The Digestive System
• breaks down food (mechanically and chemically) in order to
release nutrients that the body’s cells can absorb and use
Diagram 3.2-­2
MOUTH
• Teeth/tongue -­‐ break food down (physical digestion)
• Saliva also break down food chemically (chemical digestion)
Esophagus
• FUNCTION:
– connects the mouth with stomach
– muscles contract to slowly move the food down a process called peristalsis Stomach
• FUNCTION:
– stomach breakdowns food chemically
– Holds/churns the food physical digestion
• Nerves tells us “we are full” or “hungry”
Small Intestine
• Long (6 metres) and thin
• FUNCTION:
– Absorption****:
• nutrients diffuse into the bloodstream
• blood delivers nutrients to cells in our body
Liver
• Produces bile which breaks down fat
• bile delivered to small intestine
• FUNCTION: Removes toxins from blood
Gall Bladder
• FUNCTION
– Stores bile produced by the liver (used in S.I.)
Pancreas
• FUNCTION:
– Secretes enzymes into the small intestine
– Regulates blood sugar levels
– produces insulin
Large Intestine
— Short (1.5 m) and wider
— FUNCTION:
— Absorbs water and vitamins into bloodstream
— Remainder à sent to rectum (stores feces) — Feces released through the anus
Interesting Fact
• Food is in your digestive system for at least 24 hours, and can be there up to 3 days
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0
Heartburn
• Acidic fluid from your stomach backs into your esophagus due to eating too fast, heavy stress, some other emotions
• The stomach is used to the acid and has a thick layer of mucus to protect it – the esophagus does not so we get a “burning sensation”
• We use antacids (e.g. TUMS) to neutralize the acid and lessen the effects (remember Eating Spoiled Food
• Our body recognizes the presence of toxins/poisons or bacteria and its reaction is to get rid of them fast! • Our digestive tract attempts to remove these toxins through vomiting or diarrhea
Section 3.2 Review
Things you should know:
• 11 human organ systems interact to perform essential tasks
• the components of the digestive system and their functions
• the components of the circulatory system and their functions
• the components of the respiratory system and their functions
Homework
• Read p. 93-106
• Complete 3.2 Worksheets
– Animal Systems Working Together Sheet
– Human Organ Systems Sheet
– Labelling Respiratory/Digestive Systems
**UNIT TEST – Mon.June 6/16**