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Classical conditioning Classical Conditioning Theory Classical conditioning was the first type of learning to be discovered and studied within the behaviorist tradition. Conditioning is a kind of response build up through repeated exposure. The major theorist in the development of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist trained in biology and medicine . Classical Conditioning Theory Pavlov was studying the digestive system of dogs and became intrigued with his observation that dogs deprived of food began to salivate when one of his assistants walked into the room. He began to investigate this phenomena and established the laws of classical conditioning. Classical Conditioning Theory • General model: Stimulus (S) elicits >Response (R) • Classical conditioning starts with a reflex (R): an innate, involuntary behavior. • This involuntary behavior is elicited or caused by an antecedent environmental event. Classical Conditioning Theory The specific model for classical conditioning is: • A stimulus will naturally (without learning) elicit or bring about a reflexive response • Unconditioned Stimulus (US) elicits > Unconditioned Response (UR) Classical Conditioning Theory The specific model for classical conditioning is: • Neutral Stimulus (NS) --- does not elicit the response of interest • This stimulus is a neutral stimulus since it does not elicit the Unconditioned (or reflexive) Response. Classical Conditioning Theory Forward conditioning: During forward conditioning the onset of the CS precedes the onset of the US. Two common forms of forward conditioning are delay and trace conditioning. Delay Conditioning: In delay conditioning the CS is presented and is overlapped by the presentation of the US Trace conditioning: During trace conditioning the CS and US do not overlap. Instead, the CS is presented, a period of time is allowed to elapse during which no stimuli are presented, and then the US is presented. The stimulus free period is called the trace interval. It may also be called the "conditioning interval" Classical Conditioning Theory Simultaneous conditioning: During simultaneous conditioning, the CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time. Backward conditioning: Backward conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus immediately follows an unconditioned stimulus. Unlike traditional conditioning models, in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response tends to be inhibitory. This is because the conditioned stimulus serves as a signal that the unconditioned stimulus has ended, rather than a reliable method of predicting the future occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus Classical Conditioning Theory APPLICATIONS Repetition of advertisements Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination Classical Conditioning Theory Repetition Repetition increases the strength of the association between conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus and slows the process of forgetting. Classical Conditioning Theory Stimulus generalization This tells that learning depends on not only repetition but also on the ability to generalize. This is the reason for success of imitative products. Ex: Being afraid of anything that crawls, so you are afraid of spiders, babies, insects, etc. Classical Conditioning Theory Stimulus discrimination It is the opposite of stimulus generalization and results in selection of a specific stimulus from among similar stimuli. Ex: Being able to tell the difference between a fire truck siren and a police siren.