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Classical
conditioning
Classical Conditioning Theory
Classical conditioning was the first type of
learning to be discovered and studied within
the behaviorist tradition. Conditioning is a
kind of response build up through repeated
exposure.
The major theorist in the development of
classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov, a
Russian scientist trained in biology and
medicine .
Classical Conditioning Theory
Pavlov was studying the digestive system of dogs
and became intrigued with his observation that
dogs deprived of food began to salivate when one of
his assistants walked into the room.
He began to investigate this phenomena and
established the laws of classical conditioning.
Classical Conditioning Theory
• General model: Stimulus (S) elicits
>Response (R)
• Classical conditioning starts with a reflex (R):
an innate, involuntary behavior.
• This involuntary behavior is elicited or caused
by an antecedent environmental event.
Classical Conditioning Theory
The specific model for classical conditioning
is:
• A stimulus will naturally (without learning)
elicit or bring about a reflexive response
• Unconditioned Stimulus (US) elicits >
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Classical Conditioning Theory
The specific model for classical conditioning
is:
• Neutral Stimulus (NS) --- does not elicit
the response of interest
• This stimulus is a neutral stimulus
since it does not elicit the Unconditioned
(or reflexive) Response.
Classical Conditioning Theory
 Forward conditioning: During forward conditioning the onset of
the CS precedes the onset of the US. Two common forms of
forward conditioning are delay and trace conditioning.
 Delay Conditioning: In delay conditioning the CS is presented
and is overlapped by the presentation of the US
 Trace conditioning: During trace conditioning the CS and US do
not overlap. Instead, the CS is presented, a period of time is
allowed to elapse during which no stimuli are presented, and then
the US is presented. The stimulus free period is called the trace
interval. It may also be called the "conditioning interval"
Classical Conditioning Theory
 Simultaneous conditioning: During simultaneous conditioning,
the CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time.
 Backward conditioning: Backward conditioning occurs when a
conditioned stimulus immediately follows an unconditioned
stimulus. Unlike traditional conditioning models, in which the
conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus, the
conditioned response tends to be inhibitory. This is because the
conditioned stimulus serves as a signal that the unconditioned
stimulus has ended, rather than a reliable method of predicting the
future occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning Theory
APPLICATIONS
 Repetition of advertisements
 Stimulus generalization
 Stimulus discrimination
Classical Conditioning Theory
Repetition
 Repetition increases the strength of the
association between conditioned stimulus and
an unconditioned stimulus and slows the
process of forgetting.
Classical Conditioning Theory
Stimulus generalization
 This tells that learning depends on not only
repetition but also on the ability to generalize.
This is the reason for success of imitative
products.
 Ex: Being afraid of anything that crawls, so you
are afraid of spiders, babies, insects, etc.
Classical Conditioning Theory
Stimulus discrimination
 It is the opposite of stimulus generalization and
results in selection of a specific stimulus from
among similar stimuli.
 Ex: Being able to tell the difference between a
fire truck siren and a police siren.