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Transcript
Back Print Name Class Date Biography The Fall of Rome Diocletian c. 245–316 WHY HE MADE HISTORY Diocletian was the Roman emperor who, after a period of chaos in the Roman Empire, reorganized the empire and restored efficiency to the government. As you read the biography below, think about how Diocletian’s administrative ability helped him reorganize the empire. Not much is known about Diocletian’s early life. He probably served in military camps or was part of the Roman emperor’s bodyguard. Diocletian became a military commander in the campaign against the Persians. During this campaign, both the emperor and the emperor’s brother, who ruled the Empire together, were killed. Diocletian’s troops then named Diocletian emperor in 284. Soon after becoming emperor, Diocletian realized that the defending and administering the empire was too large a job for one man. Diocletian appointed his trusted friend, Maximian, to share power with him. Diocletian divided his power into east and west sectors. Diocletian kept control of the east and Maximian controlled the west. Eight years later, Diocletian realized that more focus was needed on both civic and military problems. He further divided power by naming two “Junior Emperors,” or Caesari, under each “Senior Emperor,” or Augustus. He chose two more companions, Galerius and Constantius I, as the junior emperors. Diocletian had created a four-man rule, called the Tetrarchy. Diocletian also broke administrative work into specializations. VOCABULARY bureaucracy government divided into groups of officials each with its own chief technocracy management of government by technical experts mint place where coins are made Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 8 The Fall of Rome Back Print Name Class Date Diocletian, continued Biography He assigned chiefs for each specialization. This was the beginning of our concepts of bureaucracy and technocracy. Diocletian reformed the army. He allowed soldiers to retire after 20 years of service and lowered the price of goods and services to soldiers, which reduced their cost of living. He strengthened the army by increasing the number of soldiers. Diocletian made economic reforms. He supported agricultural and building programs, and collected taxes on individuals and on cultivated land. Diocletian also created coins that were easy to use and he almost doubled the number of mints. On the negative side, Diocletian harshly persecuted Christians. Although he had promised that there would be no bloodshed, the persecution was violent and resulted in many martyrs. This was the last main persecution of Christians. In 305, Diocletian passed his throne to younger rulers and retired to his castle. Eventually, the new generation of rulers fought among themselves. The system that Diocletian had so carefully set up failed, and the Roman Empire declined. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Describe What did Diocletian do to make the administration of the Roman Empire easier and more efficient? 2. Make Judgments Which of Diocletian’s reforms was the most important? Do you think that any of his reforms are needed today? Explain your answer. ACTIVITY 3. Imagine that you are a Roman citizen about to meet with Diocletian, but you will only have five minutes to speak with him. Write down the issue you would discuss. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 9 The Fall of Rome Back Print Answer Key The Fall of Rome Vocabulary Builder Section 1 Biography Belisarius WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Justinian feared Belisarius had become 1. first emperor of Rome, who set many of so popular that he might take over his throne. 2. Possible answers: Belisarius showed his loyalty by refusing to become emperor to the Ostrogoths. He continued in Justinian’s service and commanded his military campaigns even when Justinian did not give him enough men or money. the powers later emperors would have 2. people who could participate in Roman government, such as hold public office or vote 3. human-made channels that carried water from distant mountain ranges into Rome or other cities Vocabulary Builder Section 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Biography Diocletian WHAT DID YOU LEARN? Attila Diocletian corruption Constantine Alaric huns Odoacer Clovis 1. Possible answer: Diocletian established a four-man rule and divided the empire into four administrative parts. 2. Accept reasonable answers. Literature 1. He does not like them. The poem is protesting the games and criticizes the spectators for watching them. 2. The poet is praying for God’s forgiveness of his sins before he dies. Vocabulary Builder Section 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. true true true false—Theodora false—Eastern Orthodox true Primary Source Jerome’s Letter About Attacks Against Rome WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Jerome was probably afraid of wolves for Biography Attila the Hun their great ability to hunt and attack. He seems to fear the barbarians in the same way. 2. He very likely received letters from people in other regions who reported on what was happening. Possibly he heard from travelers who had been to different parts of the empire. 3. Answers will vary. Jerome is a religious man, and he may think that many people in the empire are not faithful enough. He wants to find ways to explain why so many awful events are happening all around him. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Possible answers: Attila waged military campaigns against the territories surrounding his kingdom and against the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. 2. Possible answers: Attila waged war against the Western Roman Empire because the Western emperor’s sister tried to form a separate alliance with Attila. Attila requested her in marriage and demanded half of the Western Empire as her dowry. The emperor refused so Attila attacked him. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 34 The Fall of Rome