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Sophia Ashiqueali Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet: D [Political]: (Tribute System) The tributary system was a system used by China to manage its foreign relations. The tributary system was a network of trade established between China and its tributary states. The system allowed China to set the rules and means by which foreign states could enter and conduct relations in China. Permission for the ability to contact and enter China was granted if the king of a foreign state sent tributes to the Chinese government. Tributary states were states lower than China that regularly sent tributes to its superior power. The tributary system facilitated mutuallybeneficial economic relationships. In return for the tributes that foreign states provided, a foreign ruler would receive the status of a vassal in China. The foreign ruler would also receive symbols of legitimacy and luxurious gifts that were often worth more than the tribute the ruler provided. States that sent tributes to China were most often autonomous and independent; free from the rule of China. Tributary systems allowed China to influence social, cultural, and economic characteristics of peripheral states while allowing these states to become centered around China. This system served a big role in shaping China’s policies to allow China to be culturally and economically dominant. The tributary system mostly flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties of imperial China. Mikhal Ben-Joseph Mr. Tavernia Advanced Placement World History Packet: D Theme 3: Political- Battle of Talas River In the summer of 751 CE, Islamic Caliphate and Tang warriors fought in a momentous battle that would change the path of Chinese expansion for the entire post-classical period. The battle took place near present day Kyrgyzstan, and was extremely important territory at that time because it encompassed a large area of the Silk Road trading routes. The Chinese Tang forces were originally assisted by Karluk Mercenaries who composed two thirds of their total forces, as well as Ferghana warriors. However, mid-battle the Karluk Mercenaries changed sides and joined the Abbasids and their allies, the Tibetans. This allowed the Tang army to be attacked from close quarters by the Karluks as well as from the front by the Abbasid and Tibetan forces. Without their allies and now greatly outnumbered, the Tang suffered defeat and the Chinese empire under the rule of Emperor Xuanzong lost control of that central asian area. Although it did halt Chinese expansion westward, the Battle of Talas River was not the event that brought down the Tang empire. In fact, it was the An Lushan Rebellion four years later that would eventually bring demise to the Tang and bring about a time of uncomparable economic and artistic growth in China: The Song Golden Age. Vincent Brando Mr. Tavernia World History AP/Period 3 Packet: D [Political] - [Nations and Nationalism ] Crusades: The Crusades were a series of holy wars orchestrated by the holy Roman Empire against the Islamic Caliphate. There were eight Crusades in total, with the first being started by Pope Urban II. The Pope made a call to action for England to attack the Caliphate with two goals in mind: to retake Jerusalem for Christianity and to expand the influence of the Holy Roman Empire. The Crusades would ultimately work out in the Holy Roman Empire’s favor, as trade from the Empire expanded, their culture spread, more territory was gained, and the Roman Catholic Church grew more powerful and wealthy. The newfound interaction of the Christian world interacting with the Islamic world would give way to expanded trade and cultural diffusion. The Crusader military would spread far east, increasing Roman cAn age of religious persecution and oppression also arose from the Crusades, directed at anyone that did not adhere to roman Catholic beliefs. The Crusades, in total, lasted around two hundred years, starting in 1095 CE and ending at around 1300 CE. Gabriela Coutinho AP World History P. 3 Mr. Tavernia Political: Crusades The First Crusade in 1095 was a response to Pope Urban II’s plea at the Council of Clermont for Christians to stop fighting against each other and to fight against the Muslims in order to recover their Holy Land and aid Byzantium to confront the Turkish threat. Members of the military pilgrimage wore crosses to signify the Church. The First Crusade recovered Jerusalem in 1099, and four Crusader states were established in Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli. The Muslims fought back the Christians in their holy war (jihad) and were able to recover Edessa. Pope Eugene III called for second Crusade. Muslim forces lead by Saladin defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin in 1187 and recovered Jerusalem. Led by Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II, and Richard the Lionheart, the Third Crusade came as a response to the previous defeat to Saladin. Richard Lionheart defeated Saladin and signed a treaty that reestablished the Kingdom of Jerusalem, though without the city of Jerusalem. The Fourth Crusade ended with the conquest of Constantinople. Some other smaller crusades occurred later but were against any enemy of Christianity. The main consequence of the Crusades was an end to Europe’s isolation. Europe gained access to ancient Greek learning and many goods brought through the Mediterranean ports of Venice and Genoa. Abraham Garcia Mr. Tavernia AP World History period 3 Packet D Political: Mongols The Mongols were pastoralists originally from Central Asia. Genghis Khan originally unified all the Mongol clans under one rule around 1200 C.E. and founded what would eventually become the largest empire in history. Genghis Khan was a great military leader that conquered much of central Asia by using advanced military and economic tactics. The Mongol empire was divided into four khanates after the rule of Genghis Khan. These khanates were divisions of the Mongol Empire that were ruled by relatives and close friends of Genghis Khan. These khanates were the Chagatai Khanate, the Khanate of the Golden Horde, the IlKhanate, and the Khanate of the Great Khan. These khanates worked closely together even though they were ruled by different leaders and during their existence Pax Mongolica led to an era of cultural and economic prosperity. Luis Garcia Mr. Tavernia Period 3 Packet: D Political: Yongle Yongle was a powerful and influential chinese political figure in the medieval period. Yongle was the third emperor of the Ming Empire, which succeeded the Mongol-controlled Yuan Empire after the Ming revolt led by Zhu Yuanhang. Yongle was notable in that he ruled China in the prosperous peak of the Ming Empire. Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City of China, the noteworthy expeditions of Zheng He, and the opening of China to widespread trade that led to its prosperity during the Ming Dynasty. Theme 3: Feudalism Feudalism was the dominant social system in Medieval Europe, in which the nobility received land from the royalty in exchange for military service, and vassals were tenants of the nobles, while the peasants lived on their lord's land and gave him labor in exchange for military protection. The land received from the government in exchange for military service is called a fief. Japan also had a feudalist structured government, however, instead of nobles, Japanese feudalism featured a shogun above the daimyo, and samurai above the peasants. Both feudalist societies features a strong warrior class, who pledged allegiance to their lords, and who followed a strict set of regulations. In Japan, this warrior code was titled Bushido. Feudalism discouraged both a unified government and trade/economic growth. It discouraged a unified government because due to the continuous breaking down of land and pledge of loyalty to specific people instead of nations or nation-states, there was no strong legal tradition to prevent people from declaring war on each other. Feudalism discouraged economic growth because serfs were not allowed to change occupations without permission from his lord, and serfs were also not allowed to build any of his own bridges, ovens, etc. Rishab Jain Mr. Tavernia AP World History/P.3 Packet D [Political]: Chinggis Khan (Ghengis) Ghengis Khan was the founder of the Great Khan or the Mongolian empire which became the largest contiguous empire after his death. The Mongols were nomads that had mastered riding horses which gave them advantages when it came to military campaigns. Ghengis Khan knew that his empire would become too big and would start having problems being unified under one empire;therefore, he created independent khanates or regions of his empire. Not only did he do that to maintain order but he also had intermarrying between powerful families to keep everyone unified together with similar bloodlines. Genghis Khan was also credited with creating the Yassa legal code which protected traders and punished anyone who disturbed trade. With this legal code his empire played an important role in increasing interregional trade because he provided security for all these traders throughout most of the Silk Road. Genghis Khan was very important for the Mongol empire as well as all the other empires by reinvigorating trade in the Silk Road empire. Paridhi Kapadia Mr. Tavernia AP World History, Pd. 3 Packet D Political: Tributary System The tributary system was a network of trade and foreign relations that was used to indirectly assert one empires rule and superiority in a region. Specifically in East Asia, since the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia (Korea, Vietnam, Japan, etc.) that weren't under the direct control of China enrolled as “tributary states”, which acknowledged the superiority of Chinese emperors in exchange for trading rights and strategic alliances. Each tributary state sent embassies regularly to China to pay tribute. In their minds, the tribute payments were just a way to access China's vast market, but it the payments actually signified their compliance to and acceptance of Chinese empires’ superiority. This system really came about during the Yuan empire, with the Mongols. Their conquering nature was strategically aligned with this tributary system, which allowed the Mongols to basically assert their dominance without physically conquering the empires surrounding them. Leah Kapela Mr. Tavernia AP World History/ Period 3 Packet: D Political: Battle of Talas River The Battle of Talas River occurred in July 750 CE between the Tang Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate. The battle occurred in the Valley of Talas River, giving the Battle a name. The Abbasid Empire alongside the Tibetan Empire defeated the Tang Empire in a matter of days. The Tang’s defeat prevented their empire from westward expansion and would eventually lead to their decline. The Muslims received land of central Asia. After the battle, Islam grew to be the dominant culture in Asia. However, China grew to be discontent with the Muslim culture and several massacres occurred afterwards. Islam’s win also led to many people converting to the Islam faith. This helps Islam become the predominant cultural influence in the region. The Battle of Talas also helped the production of papermaking. After the Tang lost, the Abbasid Caliphate took many Chinese soldiers as prisoners and forced them to make paper. Here the paper evolved and then travelled to Western Europe. Abhitya Krishnaraj Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 3 Packet D Political: Genghis Khan Genghis Khan was born as Temüjin and was the founder and Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, and Khwarazmian, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarazmian and Western Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China. Genghis Khan was a major power and passed his legacy down through the ages. He was the beginning to the great Mongol Empire in the Medieval Period. His empire was split up into khanates that were split up among his son. The future Mongol conquests led to the large- scale slaughters of many populations. Sam Marx Mr. Tavernia Ap World Period 3 Packet D Political: Battle of Talas River For much of the early 700s, the Chinese Empire, under the T'ang dynasty, was successful in its foreign affairs. They recovered lands they had previously lost and secured trade routes through central Asia and contained threats. In the late 740s, Chinese troops claimed lordship over Kabul and Kashmir of India. But their string of victorious campaigns could not last forever, as China discovered at Talas River in 751. Islam's emergence coupled with China's over-expansion, led to the Battle at Talas River, the only battle between Arab Muslim forces and the army of the Chinese Empire. The Chinese troops were led by Kao Hsien-chih, who had been successful in previous battles. But his success did not carry over, as the Muslim armies were victorious. The Muslims chose not to pursue the Chinese into central Asia. The ramifications on the future were very significant. The Arabs were put in a position to extend their Islamic influence throughout central Asia and its silk routes. The T'ang (in China) lost a good amount of power and their westward advance was halted. Muslim shipping in the Indian Ocean improved, which restricted the ocean's contacts with Hindu and Buddhist areas. Jacob Mass Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet D Political: Arawak The Arawak are a people indigenous to northern South America and the Caribbean Islands. They are similar culturally to the Taino and Guajiro groups, though they have separate political systems. The Arawak speak a language known as Lokono, and are divided politically into smaller communities. Each of these communities has a cacique, or chief, normally chosen by lineage. The Arawaks did not have traditional schooling; instead, children learned from their elders, especially their grandparents. Arawak houses were simple huts without much insulation, as this wasn’t required. They were constructed mainly from wood, straw, and palm fronds. Due to the warm climate in which they resided, the Arawaks did not wear much clothing. The most they would wear was traditional costumes, brought out on special occasions. During these times, the people would also paint their faces and body, as well as change their hair. More important than all of this, the Arawaks were well known for their independently developed canoes. Finally, the Arawaks were into art, such as pottery and woodcrafting. These are all traits of the Arawak people that make them unique as an indigenous group. Isabel Mitre Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet D Political: Empires Ögödei w as t he t hird s on o f G enghis Khan. H e s ucceeded h is f ather’s e mpire i n 1229. H e w as t he f irst r uler w ho c alled himself “ great k han”- h is f ather o nly c alled himself “ khan”. A s h is f ather d id b efore him, Ö gödei l ed s everal p rojects a t o nce, assigning l oyal g enerals t hat r eported t o him t o e ach. Ögödei t eamed u p w ith C hina- a t t he time t he S ong d ynasty- t o d efeat t he Jurchens. T he M ongols d efeated t he J in empire a nd s et u p c amp t here. O ne o f Ögödei’s a dvisors r ecommended h im n ot to a nnihilate t he l ocal p eople a nd t heir culture i n t ypical M ongol f ashion, b ut instead l et t hem k eep t heir c ulture a nd technology. T hat’s w hat Ö gödei d id. I n d oing this, t he M ongols g ained a ccess t o Chinese w eapons, w hich a llowed t hem t o defeat t he S ong d ynasty l ater o n. In t he w estern p art o f h is e mpire, he s ent t roops t o t ake o ver R ussia a nd any o pposition h e m ight f ind t o t hat. I n 1240, t hey s acked K iev. F or 2 00 y ears later, R ussia p aid t ribute t o t he G olden Horde, a M ongol k hanate. Ögödei d ied b ecause o f e xcessive d rinking. H is t roops w ere called b ack f rom t heir p lanned a ttack o n w estern E urope. I t w as largely b ecause o f O godei;s d eath t hat t he M ongol e mpire d id n ot expand t o E urope. H is w ife r emained r egent o f t he e mpire u ntil her e ldest s on b y O godei, G uyuk, t ook t he t hrone. Emily Moon Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 3 Packet D Political: Ferdinand and Isabella King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile’s marriage resulted in the unification of their two kingdoms and thus, the formation of Spain because their marriage unified it. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were jointly referred to the “Catholic Monarchs” and ruled over Spain together, even forcing the expulsion of all Jews and Muslims from Spain after a series of revolts. Furthermore, the Catholic Monarchs created closed off communities for the segregated non-Christian people, which were eventually called ghettos. They increased pressures on non-Christians to leave Spain by increasing their taxes; clearly, these monarchs had absolute power and control over Spain at the time. They also funded Christopher Columbus's expedition. The strategic marriage of their children also ensured that their political power would not be disrupted or strongly threatened, forging political alliances with many other powerhouses at the time. Ephraim Oyetunji Mr. Tavernia AP World History/ Period 3 Packet: D Political: Mansa Musa Mansa Musa was the king of the wealthy Mali empire of West Africa from 1312-1337. He was known as the Lord of the Mines of Wangara and the Conqueror of Ghanata. He conquered 24 cities and their neighboring estates during his reign. He rose to power after his predecessor went on a pilgrimage to Mecca. The custom at this time was for a deputy to take his place and Mansa Musa rose to the throne. Musa himself was a devout Muslim and his own hajj gave him international renown and caused interregional trade to intensify in Africa. As he traveled with thousands of people, slaves, and wives, he traded gold for souvenirs. The influx of gold into the other economies resulted in unexpected inflation of native currency. Austin Park Mr. Tavernia AP World History 10 December 2016 Theme 3: Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire was formed when they survived from the fall of the Western Roman Empire. They can also be referred to as the Easter Roman Empire. Constantine I, the roman emperor, made the “new Rome” on the site of Byzantium. The main reason why it was decided to be here was the fact that it served to be and trande point and a transit between Asia Minor and Europe. Their capital city was called Constantinople. It was located in a very good geographic location. People were not able to attack a lot because it was located on a strait. The government was rested on four main pillars: the Greek Orthodox Church, groups of noble families, the army, and the imperial bureaucracy. In the government, the army was very important. To fend off rivals and enhance his prestige, the emperor needed victories. Eventually, they fell to Ottoman Turks. This was due to their crippled economy and the fact that they had to become a vassal of the Turks. Matthew Robbins Tavernia AP World History – Period 3 December 12, 2016 Political - Vikings Vikings were Nordic raiders of the medieval period from Northern Europe who greatly impacted European history from around 700-1100 CE. Advanced seafaring people, the Vikings often traded and raided throughout northern, central, and eastern Europe. Through the use of longships, the Vikings were able to explore and expand by sea and river as far out as North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. While the motives behind Viking expansion are still relatively unknown, theories state that they were likely either to convert pagans to Christian belief or simply to take advantage of Europe’s weakness at the time. The Viking Age came to a gradual decline around the 12th century as kingdoms and empires began to take shape throughout northern Europe and the ubiquity of Christianity took away the Vikings primary source of profit, slavery, as Christians were not to own other Christians as slaves. Snigdha Sama Michael Tavernia AP World History, Period 3 Packet: D Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict- Feudalism This theme talks about the systems and hierarchies of ruling that have been established in places over time and their effects on the population. Feudalism Comes from the Latin word feodum, meaning land awarded for military service Can be summarized as a feudal system in which kings and lords gave land to vassals in exchange for sworn military support A grant of land in exchange for a pledge for military service was commonly called a fief At first, the granting of fiefs was temporary Then, the fiefs could be inherited as long as the sworn military service was continued on by other members or descendants of the family This system eventually evolved into the feudal system observed today A typical medieval realm consists of lands directly owned by a king/count and administered by his followers The major vassals administered lands in exchange for military service These vassals granted land in exchange to their own vassals Aaron Thaler Period 3 Portfolio Project Packet D Political - Song Empire The Song Empire was a very successful Chinese Empire that lasted from 960-1279. It was reconstituted from the fallen Tang Dynasty, but never regained its former size. This is because the Tang Dynasty placed a heavy emphasis on the military, whereas the Song Empire placed a heavier emphasis on culture and the economy. For this reason, the Song Empire was regarded as a golden age of Chinese culture. The Song Empire suffered great damage at the hands of the Jin empire. The Jin empire consiste of the Jurchens, who had once been allied with the Song to defeat the Liao state from up north. However, the Jin turned on the Song, forced them to make military payments, and forced them to move south. This is how the Norther and Southern Song Empires came to be. Eventually, after hundreds of years of cultural and economic prosperity, the Yuan dynasty, a Mongol Dynasty led by Khublai Khan, attackect and defeated the Song. Today, the Song has left a significant mark on Chinese Culture. Coco Zheng Mr. Tavernia AP World History pd. 3 Packet D William the Conquerer William was the illigitimate son of Robert I, duke of Normandy, France. Robert died while coming home from Jerusalem. Anarchy erupted as William became duke at the tender age of eight. The king of France protected him and knighted him while in his teens. Edward the Confessor, the Anglo-Saxon king of England was childless, and William was promised the throne. However, his brother-inlaw, Harold wanted the throne for himself. William decided to sail to England and go north to fight Harold. However, the Norwegians landed in the north by sea at this time. When Harold defeated the Norwegians, he went south to face William. There, he was killed in the Battle of Hastings, which happened in a town called Battle, leaving William to take the throne. Neither literate, legitimate, English, nor even speaking the English language, William the Conquerer became king of England. He ordered detailed census to be recorded in The Domesday Book. All English monarchs have been his descendent.