Download [Political]: (Tribute System)

Sophia Ashiqueali Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet: D [Political]: (Tribute System) The tributary system was a system used by China to manage its foreign relations. The tributary system was a network of trade established between China and its tributary states. The system allowed China to set the rules and means by which foreign states could enter and conduct relations in China. Permission for the ability to contact and enter China was granted if the king of a foreign state sent tributes to the Chinese government. Tributary states were states lower than China that regularly sent tributes to its superior power. The tributary system facilitated mutually­beneficial economic relationships. In return for the tributes that foreign states provided, a foreign ruler would receive the status of a vassal in China. The foreign ruler would also receive symbols of legitimacy and luxurious gifts that were often worth more than the tribute the ruler provided. States that sent tributes to China were most often autonomous and independent; free from the rule of China. Tributary systems allowed China to influence social, cultural, and economic characteristics of peripheral states while allowing these states to become centered around China. This system served a big role in shaping China’s policies to allow China to be culturally and economically dominant. The tributary system mostly flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties of imperial China. Mikhal Ben-Joseph
Mr. Tavernia
Advanced Placement World History
Packet: D
Theme 3: Political- Battle of Talas River
In the summer of 751 CE, Islamic Caliphate and Tang warriors fought in a momentous
battle that would change the path of Chinese expansion for the entire post-classical period. The
battle took place near present day Kyrgyzstan, and was extremely important territory at that time
because it encompassed a large area of the Silk Road trading routes. The Chinese Tang forces
were originally assisted by Karluk Mercenaries who composed two thirds of their total forces, as
well as Ferghana warriors. However, mid-battle the Karluk
Mercenaries changed sides and joined the Abbasids and
their allies, the Tibetans. This allowed the Tang army to be
attacked from close quarters by the Karluks as well as from
the front by the Abbasid and Tibetan forces. Without their allies and now greatly outnumbered,
the Tang suffered defeat and the Chinese empire under the rule of Emperor Xuanzong lost
control of that central asian area. Although it did halt Chinese expansion westward, the Battle of
Talas River was not the event that brought down the Tang empire. In fact, it was the An Lushan
Rebellion four years later that would eventually bring
demise to the Tang and bring about a time of
uncomparable economic and artistic growth in China:
The Song Golden Age.
Vincent Brando
Mr. Tavernia
World History AP/Period 3
Packet: D
​ [​Political] - [​Nations and Nationalism
​
]
Crusades​: The Crusades were a series of holy wars orchestrated by the holy Roman Empire
against the Islamic Caliphate. There were eight Crusades in total, with the first being started by
Pope Urban II. The Pope made a call to action for England to attack the Caliphate with two goals
in mind: to retake Jerusalem for Christianity and to expand the influence of the Holy Roman
Empire. The Crusades would ultimately work out in the Holy Roman Empire’s favor, as trade
from the Empire expanded, their culture spread, more territory was gained, and the Roman
Catholic Church grew more powerful and wealthy. The newfound interaction of the Christian
world interacting with the Islamic world would give way to expanded trade and cultural
diffusion. The Crusader military would spread far east, increasing Roman cAn age of religious
persecution and oppression also arose from the Crusades, directed at anyone that did not adhere
to roman Catholic beliefs. The
Crusades, in total, lasted around
two hundred years, starting in
1095 CE and ending at around
1300 CE.
Gabriela Coutinho
AP World History P. 3
Mr. Tavernia
Political: Crusades
The First Crusade in 1095 was a response to Pope Urban II’s plea at the Council
of Clermont for Christians to stop fighting against each other and to fight against the
Muslims in order to recover their Holy Land and aid Byzantium to confront the Turkish
threat. Members of the military pilgrimage wore crosses to signify the Church. The First
Crusade recovered Jerusalem in 1099, and four Crusader states were established in
Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli. The Muslims
fought back the Christians in their holy war (jihad) and
were able to recover Edessa. Pope Eugene III called for
second Crusade. Muslim forces lead by Saladin defeated
the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin in 1187 and
recovered Jerusalem. Led by Frederick Barbarossa, King
Philip II, and Richard the Lionheart, the Third Crusade came as a response to the
previous defeat to Saladin. Richard Lionheart defeated Saladin and signed a treaty that
reestablished the Kingdom of Jerusalem, though without the city of Jerusalem. The
Fourth Crusade ended with the conquest of Constantinople. Some other smaller
crusades occurred later but were against any enemy of Christianity. The main
consequence of the Crusades was an end to Europe’s isolation. Europe gained access
to ancient Greek learning and many goods brought through the Mediterranean ports of
Venice and Genoa.
Abraham Garcia
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AP World History period 3
Packet D
Political: Mongols
The
Mongols were
pastoralists
originally from
Central Asia.
Genghis Khan
originally
unified all the
Mongol clans
under one rule
around 1200 C.E. and founded what would eventually become the largest empire in
history. Genghis Khan was a great military leader that conquered much of central Asia
by using advanced military and economic tactics. The Mongol empire was divided into
four khanates after the rule of Genghis Khan. These khanates were divisions of the
Mongol Empire that were ruled by relatives and close friends of Genghis Khan. These
khanates were the Chagatai Khanate, the Khanate of the Golden Horde, the IlKhanate,
and the Khanate of the Great Khan. These khanates worked closely together even
though they were ruled by different leaders and during their existence Pax Mongolica
led to an era of cultural and economic prosperity.
Luis Garcia
Mr. Tavernia
Period 3
Packet: D
Political: Yongle
Yongle was a powerful and influential chinese political figure in the medieval period.
Yongle was the third emperor of the Ming Empire, which succeeded the Mongol-controlled
Yuan Empire after the Ming revolt led by Zhu Yuanhang. Yongle was notable in that he ruled
China in the prosperous peak of the Ming Empire. Yongle sponsored the building of the
Forbidden City of China, the noteworthy expeditions of Zheng He, and the opening of China to
widespread
trade that led to its
prosperity
during the Ming
Dynasty.
Theme 3: Feudalism
Feudalism was the dominant
social system in Medieval Europe,
in which the nobility ​received land
from the royalty in exchange for
military service, and vassals were
tenants of the nobles, while the
peasants lived on their lord's land
and gave him labor in exchange for
military protection. The land
received from the government in exchange for military service is called a fief. Japan also had a
feudalist structured government, however, instead of nobles, Japanese feudalism featured a
shogun above the daimyo, and samurai above the peasants. Both feudalist societies features a
strong warrior class, who pledged allegiance to their lords, and who followed a strict set of
regulations. In Japan, this warrior code was titled Bushido. Feudalism discouraged both a unified
government and trade/economic growth. It discouraged a unified government because due to the
continuous breaking down of land and pledge of loyalty to specific people instead of nations or
nation-states,​ there was no strong legal tradition to prevent people from declaring war on each
other. Feudalism discouraged economic growth because serfs were not allowed to change
occupations without permission from his lord, and serfs were also not allowed to build any of his
own bridges, ovens, etc.
Rishab Jain Mr. Tavernia AP World History/P.3 Packet D [Political]: Chinggis Khan (Ghengis) Ghengis Khan was the founder of the Great Khan or the Mongolian empire which became the largest contiguous empire after his death. The Mongols were nomads that had mastered riding horses which gave them advantages when it came to military campaigns. Ghengis Khan knew that his empire would become too big and would start having problems being unified under one empire;therefore, he created independent khanates or regions of his empire. Not only did he do that to maintain order but he also had intermarrying between powerful families to keep everyone unified together with similar bloodlines. Genghis Khan was also credited with creating the Yassa legal code which protected traders and punished anyone who disturbed trade. With this legal code his empire played an important role in increasing interregional trade because he provided security for all these traders throughout most of the Silk Road. Genghis Khan was very important for the Mongol empire as well as all the other empires by reinvigorating trade in the Silk Road empire. Paridhi Kapadia
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History, Pd. 3
Packet D
Political: Tributary System
The tributary system was a network of trade and foreign relations that was used to indirectly
assert one empires rule and superiority in a region. Specifically in East Asia, since the time of the
Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia (Korea, Vietnam, Japan, etc.) that weren't
under the direct control of China enrolled as “tributary states”, which acknowledged the
superiority of Chinese emperors in exchange for trading rights and strategic alliances. Each
tributary state sent embassies regularly to China to pay tribute. In their minds, the tribute
payments were just a way to access China's vast market, but it the payments actually signified
their compliance to and acceptance of Chinese empires’ superiority. This system really came
about during the Yuan empire, with the Mongols. Their conquering nature was strategically
aligned with this tributary system, which allowed the Mongols to basically assert their
dominance without physically conquering the empires surrounding them.
Leah Kapela
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 3
Packet: D
Political: Battle of Talas River
The Battle of Talas River occurred in July 750 CE between the Tang Empire and the
Abbasid Caliphate. The battle occurred in the Valley
of Talas River, giving the Battle a name. The Abbasid
Empire alongside the Tibetan Empire defeated the
Tang Empire in a matter of days. The Tang’s defeat
prevented their empire from westward expansion
and would eventually lead to their decline. The
Muslims received land of central Asia.
After the battle, Islam grew to be the dominant culture in Asia. However, China grew to
be discontent with the Muslim culture and several massacres occurred afterwards. Islam’s win
also led to many people converting to the Islam faith. This helps Islam become the predominant
cultural influence in the region.
The Battle of Talas also helped the production of papermaking. After the Tang lost, the
Abbasid Caliphate took many Chinese soldiers as prisoners and forced them to make paper.
Here the paper evolved and then travelled to Western Europe.
Abhitya Krishnaraj
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet D
Political: Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan was born as Temüjin and was the founder and Great Khan
(Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history
after his death.
He came to power by uniting many
of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia.
After founding the Empire and being
proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the
Mongol invasions that conquered most of
Eurasia. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime
include those against the Qara Khitai,
Caucasus, and Khwarazmian, Western Xia
and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were
often accompanied by wholesale
massacres of the civilian populations –
especially in the Khwarazmian and Western
Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life,
the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial
portion of Central Asia and China.
Genghis Khan was a major power and passed his legacy down through the ages.
He was the beginning to the great Mongol Empire in the Medieval Period. His empire
was split up into khanates that were split up among his son. The future Mongol
conquests led to the large- scale slaughters of many populations.
Sam Marx
Mr. Tavernia
Ap World Period 3
Packet D
Political: Battle of Talas River
For much of the early 700s, the Chinese Empire, under the T'ang dynasty, was
successful in its foreign affairs. They recovered lands they had previously lost and
secured trade routes through central Asia and contained threats. In the late 740s,
Chinese troops claimed lordship over Kabul and Kashmir of India. But their string of
victorious campaigns could not last forever, as China discovered at Talas River in 751.
Islam's emergence coupled with China's over-expansion, led to the Battle at
Talas River, the only battle between Arab Muslim forces and the army of the Chinese
Empire. The Chinese troops were led by Kao Hsien-chih, who had been successful in
previous battles. But his success did not carry over, as the Muslim armies were
victorious. The Muslims chose not to pursue the Chinese into central Asia.
The ramifications on the future were very significant. The Arabs were put in a
position to extend their Islamic influence throughout central Asia and its silk routes. The
T'ang (in China) lost a good amount of power and their westward advance was halted.
Muslim shipping in the Indian Ocean improved, which restricted the ocean's contacts
with Hindu and Buddhist areas.
Jacob Mass
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 3
Packet D
Political: Arawak
The Arawak are a people indigenous to northern South America and the
Caribbean Islands. They are similar culturally to the Taino and Guajiro groups, though
they have separate political systems. The Arawak speak a language known as Lokono,
and are divided politically into smaller communities. Each of these communities has a
cacique, or chief, normally chosen by lineage. The Arawaks did not have traditional
schooling; instead, children learned from their elders,
especially their grandparents. Arawak houses were simple
huts without much insulation, as this wasn’t required. They
were constructed mainly from wood, straw, and palm
fronds. Due to the warm climate in which they
resided, the Arawaks did not wear much clothing.
The most they would wear was traditional
costumes, brought out on special occasions. During
these times, the people would also paint their faces
and body, as well as change their hair. More important than all of this, the Arawaks were
well known for their independently developed canoes. Finally, the Arawaks were into
art, such as pottery and woodcrafting. These are all traits of the Arawak people that make
them unique as an indigenous group.
Isabel Mitre Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet D Political: Empires Ögödei w
as t he t hird s
on o
f G
enghis Khan. H
e s
ucceeded h is f
ather’s e
mpire i n 1229. H
e w
as t he f
irst r
uler w
ho c
alled himself “ great k
han”- h is f
ather o
nly c
alled himself “ khan”. A
s h is f
ather d
id b
efore him, Ö
gödei l ed s
everal p
rojects a
t o
nce, assigning l oyal g
enerals t hat r
eported t o him t o e
ach. Ögödei t eamed u
p w
ith C
hina- a
t t he time t he S
ong d
ynasty- t o d
efeat t he Jurchens. T
he M
ongols d
efeated t he J
in empire a
nd s
et u
p c
amp t here. O
ne o
f Ögödei’s a
dvisors r
ecommended h im n ot to a
nnihilate t he l ocal p
eople a
nd t heir culture i n t ypical M
ongol f
ashion, b
ut instead l et t hem k
eep t heir c
ulture a
nd technology. T
hat’s w
hat Ö
gödei d
id. I n d
oing this, t he M
ongols g
ained a
ccess t o Chinese w
eapons, w
hich a
llowed t hem t o defeat t he S
ong d
ynasty l ater o
n. In t he w
estern p
art o
f h is e
mpire, he s
ent t roops t o t ake o
ver R
ussia a
nd any o
pposition h e m
ight f
ind t o t hat. I n 1240, t hey s
acked K
iev. F
or 2
00 y
ears later, R
ussia p
aid t ribute t o t he G
olden Horde, a
M
ongol k
hanate. Ögödei d
ied b
ecause o
f e
xcessive d
rinking. H
is t roops w
ere called b
ack f
rom t heir p
lanned a
ttack o
n w
estern E
urope. I t w
as largely b
ecause o
f O
godei;s d
eath t hat t he M
ongol e
mpire d
id n ot expand t o E
urope. H
is w
ife r
emained r
egent o
f t he e
mpire u
ntil her e
ldest s
on b
y O
godei, G
uyuk, t ook t he t hrone. Emily Moon
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet D
Political: Ferdinand and Isabella
King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile’s marriage resulted in the
unification of their two kingdoms and thus, the formation of Spain because their marriage unified
it. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were jointly referred to the “Catholic Monarchs” and
ruled over Spain together, even forcing the expulsion of all Jews and Muslims from Spain after a
series of revolts. Furthermore, the Catholic Monarchs created closed off communities for the
segregated non-Christian people, which were eventually called ghettos. They increased pressures
on non-Christians to leave Spain by increasing their taxes; clearly, these monarchs had absolute
power and control over Spain at the time. They also funded Christopher Columbus's expedition.
The strategic marriage of their children also ensured that their political power would not be
disrupted or strongly threatened, forging political alliances with many other powerhouses at the
time.
Ephraim Oyetunji
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 3
Packet: D
Political: Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa was the king of the wealthy Mali empire of West Africa from 1312-1337.
He was known as the ​Lord of the Mines of Wangara and the Conqueror of Ghanata. He
conquered 24 cities and their neighboring estates during his reign. He rose to power after his
predecessor went on a pilgrimage to Mecca. The custom at this time was for a deputy to take his
place and Mansa Musa rose to the throne. Musa himself was a devout Muslim and his own hajj
gave him international renown and caused interregional trade to intensify in Africa. As he
traveled with thousands of people, slaves, and wives, he traded gold for souvenirs. The influx of
gold into the other economies resulted in unexpected inflation of native currency.
Austin Park
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History
10 December 2016
Theme 3: Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was formed when they survived from the fall of the
Western Roman Empire. They can also be referred to as the Easter Roman Empire.
Constantine I, the roman emperor, made the “new Rome” on the site of Byzantium. The
main reason why it was decided to be here was the fact that it served to be and trande
point and a transit between Asia Minor and Europe. Their capital city was called
Constantinople. It was located in a very good geographic location. People were not able
to attack a lot because it was located on a strait. The government was rested on four main
pillars: the Greek Orthodox Church, groups of noble families, the army, and the imperial
bureaucracy. In the government, the army was very important. To fend off rivals and
enhance his prestige, the emperor needed victories.
Eventually, they fell to Ottoman Turks. This was due to their crippled economy
and the fact that they had to become a vassal of the Turks.
Matthew Robbins
Tavernia
AP World History – Period 3
December 12, 2016
Political - Vikings
Vikings were Nordic raiders of the medieval period from Northern Europe who greatly
impacted European history from around 700-1100 CE. Advanced seafaring people, the Vikings
often traded and raided throughout northern, central, and eastern Europe. Through the use of
longships, the Vikings were able to explore and expand by sea and river as far out as North
Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. While the motives behind Viking expansion are still
relatively unknown, theories state that they were likely either to convert pagans to Christian
belief or simply to take advantage of Europe’s weakness at the time. The Viking Age came to a
gradual decline around the 12th century as kingdoms and empires began to take shape throughout
northern Europe and the ubiquity of Christianity took away the Vikings primary source of profit,
slavery, as Christians were not to own other Christians as slaves.
Snigdha Sama
Michael Tavernia
AP World History, Period 3
Packet: D
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict-
Feudalism
This theme talks about the systems and hierarchies of ruling that have been
established in places over time and their effects on the population.
Feudalism
Comes from the Latin word feodum, meaning land awarded for military
service
Can be summarized as a feudal system in which kings and lords gave land to
vassals in exchange for sworn military support
A grant of land in exchange for a pledge for military service was commonly
called a fief

At first, the granting of fiefs was temporary

Then, the fiefs could be inherited as long as the sworn military service
was continued on by other members or descendants of the family
This system eventually evolved into the feudal system observed today
A typical medieval realm consists of lands directly owned by a king/count
and administered by his followers

The major vassals administered lands in exchange for military service

These vassals granted land in exchange to their own vassals
Aaron Thaler
Period 3
Portfolio Project Packet D Political - Song Empire
The Song Empire was a very successful Chinese Empire that lasted from
960-1279. It was reconstituted from the fallen Tang Dynasty, but never regained its
former size. This is because the Tang Dynasty placed a heavy emphasis on the
military, whereas the Song Empire placed a heavier emphasis on culture and the
economy. For this reason, the Song Empire was regarded as a golden age of Chinese
culture. The Song Empire suffered great damage at the hands of the Jin empire. The
Jin empire consiste of the Jurchens, who had once been allied with the Song to defeat
the Liao state from up north. However, the Jin turned on the Song, forced them to make
military payments, and forced them to move south.​ ​This is how the Norther and
Southern Song Empires came to be. Eventually, after hundreds of years of cultural and
economic prosperity, the Yuan dynasty, a Mongol Dynasty led by Khublai Khan,
attackect and defeated the Song. Today, the Song has left a significant mark on
Chinese Culture.
Coco Zheng
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History pd. 3
Packet D
William the Conquerer
William was the illigitimate son of Robert I, duke of Normandy,
France. Robert died while coming home from Jerusalem. Anarchy erupted
as William became duke at the tender age of eight. The king of France
protected him and knighted him while in his teens.
Edward the Confessor, the Anglo-Saxon king of England was
childless, and William was promised the throne. However, his brother-inlaw, Harold wanted the throne for himself. William decided to sail to
England and go north to fight Harold. However, the Norwegians landed in
the north by sea at this time. When Harold defeated the Norwegians, he
went south to face William. There, he was killed in the Battle of Hastings,
which happened in a town called Battle, leaving William to take the throne.
Neither literate, legitimate, English, nor even speaking the English
language, William the Conquerer became king of England. He ordered
detailed census to be recorded in The Domesday Book. All English
monarchs have been his descendent.