Download Chapter 27 - Unabridged - Empire and Expansion

Unit 4: Forging an Industrial Society
1865-1909
• Chapter 23: Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age, 1869-1896
• Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age, 1865-1900
• Chapter 25: America Moves to the City, 1865-1900
• Exam: Chapters 23-25 – Thursday, January 12th
• Chapter 26: The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution, 18651896
• Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion, 1890-1909
• Exam: Chapters 26-27 – Monday, January 30th
• Unit Exam: Path to Progressives
Chapter 27
Empire and Expansion,
1890–1909
“We assert that no nation can long endure half republic and half empire,
and we warn the American people that imperialism abroad will lead
quickly and inevitably to despotism at home.”
-Democratic National Platform, 1900
What is the significance of this map to the
events of Chapter 27?
The Great Powers and Their
Colonial Possessions, 1913
The Imperial Menu
United States Expansion, 1857–1917
I. America Turns Outward
• WHAT FED THE NATION’S DESIRE FOR EXPANSION?
•
•
•
•
•
Farmers and factory owners wanted new markets for increased production.
“Yellow press” described foreign exploits as manly adventures.
Missionaries looked overseas for new souls to save.
Social Darwinism was interpreted to mean the U.S. was the “most fit.”
The development of a new steel navy focused attention overseas.
• Supported by Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783.
• America’s new international interest manifested itself in several ways.
• Big Sister Policy: aimed at bringing Latin American nations under U.S.’ sphere of influence
while establishing strong economic ties.
• Diplomatic crises of 1880s and early 1890s:
•
•
•
•
•
Samoan Islands (Pacific) – America vs. Germany
Italy – New Orleans lynchings strained relations (1891)
Chile – Death of two American sailors (1892)
Canada – Seal hunting dispute
Great Britain – challenges eventually led to the Great Rapprochement
They Can’t Fight
Britain and America waged a war of words during the
Venezuelan boundary dispute, but cooler heads
prevailed. A new era of diplomatic cooperation between
the two former foes dawned, as they saw themselves
bound together by ties of language, culture, and mutual
economic interest. As the German chancellor Otto von
Bismarck reportedly remarked, “The supreme geopolitical
fact of the modern era is that the Americans speak
English.”
II. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
• Hawaii’s Value:
• Rest stop for shippers, sailors, and whalers
• Destination for missionaries
• Important center for sugar production
• McKinley Tariff’s impact:
• Raised barriers against Hawaiian sugar, so white
planters tried to annex Hawaii to get around the tariff.
• They were blocked by the strong-willed Queen
Liliuokalani.
• Small group of whites organized a revolt with the
assistance of American troops (1893).
• A treaty of annexation was rushed to Washington,
stopped by the presidential change in the United
States: President Cleveland abruptly withdrew the
treaty – WHY?
Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii
III. Cubans Rise in Revolt
• Cubans (insurrectos) rose against Spanish in 1895.
• Sugar production was crippled by the American tariff (1894) that
restored high duties.
• Spanish herded Cubans into reconcentration camps.
• America’s Involvement
• Americans were economically invested in Cuba.
• Yellow journalists (Hearst, Pulitzer) used atrocities to drum up
support for war.
• Early in 1898, Maine was sent to Cuba to protect and evacuate
Americans.
• Maine mysteriously exploded on February 15, 1898 in Havana killing
260.
• Spaniards: explosion was accidental and internal
• U.S: explosion was caused by a submarine mine
• McKinley was torn in many different directions, but couldn’t look
indecisive.
• On April 11, 1898, McKinley sent his war message to Congress.
• They adopted the anti-Imperialist Teller Amendment.
Destruction of
the Maine (top)
President
William
McKinley
(bottom)
IV. Dewey’s May Day Victory at Manila
• Declaration of war: February 25, 1898
• Navy Secretary John D. Long was away from the office
• Asst. Theodore Roosevelt took things into his own hands
and cabled Commodore George Dewey to move to the
Philippines (Spanish territory).
• Americans were assisted by Emilio Aguinaldo.
• Philippines episode renewed the United States’
focus on Hawaii.
• A joint resolution of annexation of Hawaii was rushed
through Congress and approved by McKinley (July 7,
1898).
• Had to protect Hawaii from other powers (Japan).
Dewey’s Route in the Philippines, 1898
Commodore George Dewey
Emilio Aguinaldo
Theodore Roosevelt
V. The Confused Invasion of Cuba
• Spanish ordered an aging fleet to Cuba.
• It was blockaded by the powerful American fleet.
• The Rough Riders became most famous American
combatants.
• The group was organized principally by TR.
• On July 1 at El Caney and Kettle Hill TR Rough Riders
charged the Spanish and became national heroes.
• Spain, on August 12, 1898, signed an armistice.
• Spain may have quit too early.
• Four hundred Americans lost their lives to bullets.
• Over five thousand succumbed to bacteria and other
causes.
I don’t understand this map either.
Colonel Theodore Roosevelt
with Some of the “Rough
Riders”
VI. America’s Course (Curse?) of Empire
• Peace at Paris - 1898.
• Cuba was freed.
• Americans secured the remote Pacific island of Guam.
• Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States as
payment for war costs.
• McKinley’s dilemma - What about the
Philippines?
• Contained an ethnically diverse population of 7
million.
• Answer: Take them all, then perhaps give the Filipinos
their freedom later.
• Opponents: Imperialism went against self-determination
and anticolonialism – Anti-Imperialist League
• Proponents: simply a continuation of Manifest Destiny –
Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”
Need a treaty? Go to Paris!
Uncle Sam and People
from His Colonies,
Postcard, ca. 1900
p617
VII. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
• Question: When it comes to territories, does the
Constitution apply?
• The status of Puerto Rico was unclear: neither a state nor a
territory.
• The Foraker Act (1900) gave Puerto Rico some popular
government.
• Accorded Puerto Rico a limited degree of popular government
• Congress granted U.S. citizenship in 1917
• But withheld full self-rule
• Puerto Ricans (and Filipinos) might be subject to American rule,
but they did not enjoy all American rights.
• Under the Teller Amendment the United States withdrew
from Cuba in 1902.
• Platt Amendment: Cubans were forced to write into their own
constitution (1901).
• This kept Cuba under the United States’ sphere of influence.
• The U.S. still has Guantanamo.
The flags of Puerto Rico (top)
and Cuba (bottom)
VIII. New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
• Why does Kennedy call the Spanish-American War “a
kind of colossal coming-out party”?
• The war was successful, short, & saw a low casualty count.
• Europeans had to respect the U.S.
• A new spirit enveloped the U.S. – martial & imperial.
• Unspoken benefit of the war: it helped to further heal
the wounds of the Civil War.
• The newly imperial nation was:
• Not yet prepared to support new territories
• A power in the Far East (Philippines)
• At risk, especially to Japan, when it came to defending
territories (WWII)
Had you told veterans of the Civil War
(above, 1900) that their nation would one
day have to worry about Japanese
expansion, they would not have believed
you.
IX. “Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines
• Filipinos expected freedom after the Spanish-American
War ended.
• U.S. made it clear this would not be the case.
• Bitterness toward American troops erupted on February 4,
1899, under former ally Emilio Aguinaldo.
• This shift contributed to a mounting “race war” in which
each side committed atrocities.
• “Water cure” – force water down victims throats until they
yielded information or died
• Americans built reconcentration camps.
• Americans broke the backs of the Filipinos insurrection
(1901) when Aguinaldo was captured.
• William H. Taft became civil governor of the Philippines
in 1901.
• Because of his attachment to them, he called them his “little
brown brothers”.
• Filipinos were finally granted their freedom in 1946.
William H. Taft, civil governor of the
Philippines worked very hard to bring
peace to the Philippines.
X. Hinging the Open Door in China
• European powers moved in on China after its defeat First
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895).
• Americans feared the partition of China which would end
profitable trade in that country.
• Missionaries worried about their converts.
• John Hay’s Open Door Policy (1899):
• Respect certain Chinese rights & fair trade.
• Rather than risk conflict, most nations agreed to this policy.
• Boxer Rebellion (1900): “Boxers” took up the cry, “kill the
foreigner!”
• Murdered more than 200 foreigners and thousands of Chinese
Christians
• A multinational rescue force of thousands of soldiers arrived and
quelled the rebellion.
• Results of the Boxer Rebellion:
• Hay: Open Door would embrace the territorial integrity of China, in
addition to its commercial integrity.
• No one would violate China’s territory until Japan invaded
Manchuria in the 1930s.
Execution of 3 Anti-Foreign “Boxers”
Members of the
8 Nation Alliance
XI. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
XII. TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
• McKinley was renominated by Republicans in 1900 because he:
• Had won a war and acquired rich territory.
• Had safeguarded the gold standard and brought economic prosperity.
• TR was selected as VP candidate.
• He was sent there by NY Republicans who couldn't stand him as governor of NY.
• William Jennings Bryan was nominated again by the Democrats.
• Their platform proclaimed that the paramount issue was Republican
overseas imperialism.
• McKinley won 292 to 155.
• William McKinley was assassinated in September 1901 by a
deranged anarchist in Buffalo, N.Y.
• TR became president.
• He adopted as his pet proverb, “Speak softly and carry a big stick, [and]
you will go far.”
• Commanded an incredible personal following.
• He believed that the president should lead boldly.
McKinley,
Jennings
Bryan, TR
Ben Franklin
may have
invaded Mt.
Olympus using
electricity &
Wolverine
claws . . .
. . . while Honest Abe tamed a grizzly bear, but TR . . .
. . . killed a
sasquatch!
Seriously though, the
man liked to hunt.
XIII. Building the Panama Canal
• TR quickly applied his energy to foreign affairs.
• The Panama Canal became a clear necessity for the navy and
commerce ships, but where?
• American experts favored a route across Nicaragua.
• Philippe Bunau-Varilla of the New Panama Company, which had
begun a failed canal in Panama pushed the U.S. to use his canal.
• In 1902, Congress finally decided on the Panama route, but the
Colombian Senate rejected the proposed treaty. (Colombia
controlled Panama at the time.)
• Panama Rebelled
• Bunau-Varilla helped incite a Panamanian rebellion in November,
1903.
• U.S. naval forces prevented Colombian troops from crossing the
isthmus to quell the uprising
• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gave the U.S. the right to build the canal.
• Construction began in 1901 and ended in 1914.
XIV. TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine
• Latin American debt defaults worried TR 
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
• Venezuela and the Dominican Republic were
chronically in debt to European creditors.
• The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: a
policy of “preventive intervention”
• TR announced that in the event of further financial
troubles in Latin America, the U.S. would intervene
and pay off the debts to keep European nations
out.
• In short, Latin American nations should only owe
the U.S.
• TR’s rewriting of the Monroe Doctrine did
more to promote the “Bad Neighbor” policy.
Is this cartoon Pro or Anti TR?
XV. Roosevelt on the World Stage
• Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)
• Russia wanted the ice-free ports of China’s
Manchuria.
• To Japan, Manchuria and Korea in tsarist hands was
unacceptable.
• The Japanese responded in 1904 with a devastating
surprise attack and humiliating defeat for Russia.
• TR stepped in as peacemaker in 1906.
• Japan came away from these peace talks resentful.
• Fear and jealously grew between new Pacific powers:
Japan & U.S.
XVI. Japanese Laborers in California
• America’s Pacific Coast soon felt the effects of the
Russo-Japanese War.
• New wave of Japanese immigrants poured into California.
• “Yellow peril” brought nativism to Pacific Coast.
• 1906: San Francisco school board ordered the
segregation of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students
in a special school to free more space for whites.
• TR finally broke the deadlock with the “Gentlemen’s
Agreement”.
• Schools were desegregated.
• Tokyo agreed to stop the flow of laborers to the American
mainland by withholding passports.
• TR wanted to remind Japan of its “place”.
• Late in 1907, the Great White Fleet began an around-theworld parade.
• The U.S. signed the Root-Takahira agreement with Japan in
1908: both powers respected each other’s territories & the
Open Door Policy.
This is the equivalent of your arch
nemesis driving their brand new Maserati
by your house even though he/she lives
nowhere near you.
NOTE: The following slides have
not yet been organized for the
current school year.