Download Ecology - Elaine Galvin

Ecology Questions 1.
Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: biosphere, habitat and niche. 2.
Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: Biosphere; Habitat; Consumer; Producer; Niche. 3.
An organism that eats another organism is called a … 4.
The place where an organism lives is called its … 5.
What is a pyramid of numbers? 6.
The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is the … 7.
The parts of the earth and atmosphere in which life is found is called the … 8.
In ecology what is meant by a trophic level? 9.
Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: niche, edaphic factor, symbiosis. 10. What is meant by nitrogen fixation? 11. What is meant by nitrification? 12. What is the function of the nitrogen cycle? 13. What term do ecologists use to describe an animal which kills and eats other animals? 14. Give four factors that influence the size of the human population. 15. If the population of prey declines suggest two possible consequences for the predators. 16. What is meant by each of the following in ecology: predator; habitat; niche; biosphere; ecosystem? 17. What is the principal source of energy for the Earth’s ecosystems? 18. Name a producer. 19. What is meant by an abiotic factor? 20. State one way in which a named organism is adapted to the ecosystem. 21. What is a quadrat frame? 22. Give two abiotic factors that you investigated, describe how you measured each one. 23. What term is used for the organism from which a parasite obtains its food? 24. What is a habitat? 25. List three abiotic factors that you investigated. 26. In the case of a named organism give an adaptation feature that you noted. 27. What is an ecosystem? 28. What does an ecologist mean by competition? 29. The use of one species to control the population of another species is called biological control. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of biological control. 30. What is meant by nitrogen fixation? 31. Name a group of organisms involved in nitrogen fixation. 32. What is meant by a pyramid of numbers? 33. A relationship between two organisms in which both benefit is called 34. What does an ecologist mean by competition? 35. What is an ecosystem? 36. What is the biosphere? 37. In ecological studies it is found that the distribution of organisms is influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Distinguish between the underlined terms. 38. From an ecosystem that you have investigated give an example of an abiotic factor that influences the distribution of a named plant in the ecosystem. 39. In the case of a named ecosystem give an example of a biotic factor that influences the distribution of a named animal. 40. What is the source of energy for the earth’s ecosystems? 41. Construct a grazing food chain containing at least four trophic levels. 42. The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates by bacteria is called … 43. Give two sources of the carbon dioxide that is found in the atmosphere. 44. Farmers add nitrates as fertilizers to the soil. They are advised not to spread fertilizers if heavy rain is forecast. Why do you think they are given this warning? 45. Explain what is meant by pollution. 46. Give an example of pollution and describe how this form of pollution can be controlled. 47. Give an example of a human activity that results in the pollution of air or water 48. Explain what is meant by conservation. 49. Give a brief account of a conservation practice with which you are familiar. 50. Explain conservation in relation to wild plants and animals. 51. Suggest two reasons for conserving wild species. 52. State one conservation practice from agriculture or fisheries or forestry 53. What is meant by pollution? 54. Describe a human activity that may result in pollution. Suggest a way in which this pollution could be prevented. 55. Suggest a possible effect on a human population that may result from an increased availability of contraception. 56. What is meant by pollution? 57. What do you understand by the term conservation? 58. Suggest three reasons for conserving wild animals and plants. 59. Explain what is meant by pollution. 60. Give an account of the effects of a named pollutant of domestic, agricultural or industrial origin. Describe one way in which it might be controlled. 61. Outline the problems associated with the disposal of waste. Suggest two ways of minimising waste. 62. Waste management is becoming an increasingly difficult matter. Suggest two reasons for this. 63. Describe one method of waste management by reference to agriculture, fisheries or forestry. 64. Suggest some ways of minimizing waste. 65. Waste management is a matter of growing concern in Ireland as the population expands. Outline three problems associated with waste disposal. 66. Suggest two methods of waste minimisation. 67. Give an example of waste produced in agriculture or fisheries or forestry and describe how it is managed. 68. Give one example of the use of micro‐organisms in waste management. 69. Suggest two ways to prevent or control pollution. 70. What is meant by pollution? 71. Write a short paragraph (about 5 lines) on waste management. 72. What is meant by pollination? 73. What term is used by ecologists to describe the organisms that form the base of a pyramid of numbers? 74. What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey? 75. What is a quadrat frame? 76. What term is used to describe the animal that is killed and eaten? 77. What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey? 78. Name two habitats from the ecosystem you have studied. 79. An animal that eats both plants and animals is called an … 80. Give an example of an herbivore and of a carnivore found in an ecosystem you have studied (not domesticated or farm animals). 81. What is meant by the term ‘fauna’? 82. In ecological studies what is a key? 83. What is meant by a qualitative survey? 84. Describe three methods used by plants to protect themselves from adverse external environments. 85. Give an example of pollution which may result from domestic (household) or industrial or agricultural activity. 86. Define predation. 87. Give an example of predation by naming a predator and its prey. 88. Explain the term niche. 89. Explain the term edaphic. 90. Give an example of an edaphic factor. 91. What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation? 92. Give an outline of one conservation practice used in agriculture or fisheries or forestry. 93. What is meant by the term omnivore? 94. In relation to ecological surveys, explain the meaning of the terms: 1. Qualitative, 2. Quantitative. 95. Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors. 96. An edaphic factor is an example of an abiotic factor. Explain the underlined term. 97. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative surveys in an ecosystem. 98. Why is a quadrat unsuitable for studying most animal populations? 99. Suggest a plant that would not be suitable to survey using a quadrat. 100. State one possible source of error in a survey of an ecosystem. 101. Decomposition is essential for the addition of nutrients to the soil. Explain the underlined term. 102. Name two groups of micro‐organisms in the soil which are responsible for decomposition. 103. Give an example of pollution and describe how this form of pollution can be controlled. 104. State the effect of any one named pollutant. 105. Outline one conservation measure carried out by one of the following industries: agriculture or forestry or fisheries. 106. Name one problem associated with waste disposal. 107. State one role of microorganisms in waste management 108. Explain the terms pollution and conservation. 109. If all the primary producers were removed from an ecosystem (e.g. by disease) suggest what would happen to the primary consumers? 110. What is meant by a trophic level? 111. Name an ecosystem you have studied and construct a simple food chain from that ecosystem. 112. Explain what is meant by an ecosystem. 113. Explain what is meant by a habitat. 114. Explain what is meant by a niche. 115. Name one group of organisms responsible for decomposition. 116. Why are elements recycled in nature? 117. Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. Food chains are usually short. 118. Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The herbivores in an ecosystem normally live long lives. 119. Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The only remaining natural ecosystems in Ireland, for example mountain land above the heather line and salt marsh, are ones for which mankind has no use. 120. Where are primary producers found in a pyramid of numbers? 121. Using named examples, construct a simple inverted pyramid of numbers. 122. What is meant by pollution? 123. Name one human activity that causes pollution 124. State two problems associated with waste disposal in Ireland 125. List two ways of minimising waste. 126. Give one example of the use of microorganisms in waste management 127. What is the main source of energy in an ecosystem? 128. Explain the following terms used in ecology: 1. Biosphere 2. Habitat. 129. Using a food web from your field study (i)
(ii)
(iii) Name one primary producer. Name one herbivore and one carnivore from the web. Name one omnivore from the web. 130. What would happen to the number of caterpillars if all the thrushes died in a habitat? 131. What is meant by a quantitative survey of organisms in a habitat? 132. Name two pieces of apparatus used to collect animals from an ecosystem. 133. What is meant by the term conservation? 134. Suggest one way to help bat conservation in Ireland 135. A situation in which one organism lives on or in a second species, feeding on it and causing it harm is called _______________ 136. Organisms capable of making their own food are called___________ 137. A ________________ is all the members of a species living in an area 138. Micro‐organisms and other organisms that return nutrients to the environment by decay are called ______________ 139. A situation in which two organisms of different species live together and at least one benefits is called ________________ 140. __________________ is a struggle between organisms for a scarce resource. 141. One organism killing and eating another organism is called _______________ 142. Distinguish between contest competition and scramble competition by writing a sentence about each. 143. Name a factor, other than competition, that controls wild populations. 144. What deduction is it possible to make from each of the following observations? (i) In a particular area the population of a predator did not decline following a big reduction in the population of its main prey. (ii) Mortality levels resulting from infection by a particular virus tend to decline over the years. (iii) Where some members of a species remain in the same general area throughout life and some members are migratory, mortality levels tend to be higher in the migratory part of the population. (iv) There is a greater variety of herbaceous (non woody) plants in areas where grazing species, such as rabbits, are more plentiful than in areas where grazing species are less plentiful. (v) In some species of migratory ducks in the northern hemisphere it is found that the wintering grounds of the males lie further south than those of the females. 145. In relation to a study of an ecosystem distinguish clearly between qualitative and quantitative surveys by writing a sentence about each. 146. How were you able to identify the different plants in the ecosystem that you investigated? 147. Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey of the major plant species. 148. Give two possible sources of error that may have arisen in the course of your survey.