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Sunna and Hadiths
The Effects of the Prophet (pbuh)
Sunna
Contains the prophets
wants and deeds. His
words, deeds and
habitual practices—a
pattern of behavior.
Hadith
Literary form of the
Sunna. “’Being new’
and occurring, taking
place, coming to
pass.” When referred
to Muhammad and
his companions it
became tradition.
http://www.cmeis.cam.ac.uk/hadithsingle.jpg
Parts of the Hadith
Hadith Relayed
http://muttaqun.com/graphics/hadith-class1.gif
Classification of Hadith
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://muttaqun.com/graphics/hadithclass1.gif&imgrefurl=http://muttaqun.com/hadith.html&h=497&w=438&sz=30&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=2
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The Shari’a
The Watering Hole
Hudud and Tazirat
 Hudud
 Are punishments based on the Qur’an or
Sunna (divinely specified)
 Tazirat
 Are punishments left to the discretion of the
judge.
Hudud
 Theft
 Amputation of hand
 Fornication
 100 lashes
 Adultery
 Stoning to death
 False accusation of unchastity
 80 lashes
 Wine Drinking
 40 lashes (Imam Shafi) 80 for others
Schools of Law
Jurisprudence within Islam
fiqh
Sunni Schools of Law
There are Four
Sunni schools of
Jurisprudence
 Abu Hanifa – d. 767
 The Hanifite School
 Malik ibn Anas – d. 795
 The Maliki School
 Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi’i – d. 819
 The Shafi’i School
 Ahmad Hanbal – d. 855
 The Hanbali School
The Hanifite School
This is the Abu
Hanifa Mosque in
Baghdad
 The School of Opinion – It relies heavily
on reason and Hanifa argued that reason
should be the principal method by which
interpretations should be made. This
particular school is popular in Central and
Western Asia (from Afghanistan to Turkey),
Lower Egypt (Cairo and the Delta) and the
Indian subcontinent.
http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/56736625.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d=1
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The Maliki School
This is the signature
of Malik ibn Anas
 The School of Tradition – It rejects free
reason and emphasized the Hadith alone
should guide the Muslim in all matters.
http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/malik2.jpg
The Shafi’i School
This is the
mausoleum of
Muhammad ibn Idris
al-Shafi’i.
 The Foundations of Jurisprudence –
This school was founded by the greatest
single legal scholar in Islamic history,
Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi’i. This well
traveled scholar developed the standard for
Islamic jurisprudence. For him it was:
 Qur’an
 Sunna
 Ijma’ (consensus of the community)
 Qiyas (analogy)
http://www.discoverislamicart.org/images/ssmall/monuments/isl/eg/1/6/1.jpg
The Hanbali School
This is the signature
of Ahmad ibn
Hanbal
 The Rightly Guided – This school
believes that only the Qur’an and the
Hadiths can truly guide the believer. The
school is extremely conservative and has
spawned a rather fundamentalist school.
http://krawattenknoten.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/ahmad-bin-hanbaljpg.jpg
Shi’ite Schools
Shi’ite Jurisprudence
Shrine of the Hidden
Imam
 Zaydis
 The Ismailis
 Ithna-’asharis
 Aka Twelvers
 Aka Imamis
http://philae.sas.upenn.edu/Arabic/Arab20.gif
Twelver Shi’ite Jurisprudence
Called Twelvers
because hey believe
that the Prophet was
followed by 12
Imams.
 Shaikh al-Bufi (d. 1022)
 Qur’an
 Shi’ite tradition
 Reason
 Ijma (consensus) when agreed with Imam

Rejected analogy
 Sharif al-Murtada (d. 1024)
 Qur’an
 Traditions

Rejected reason and One informer
 al-Hasan at-Tusi (d. 1067) aka Shaikah at-Taifa
(Sheikh of the Community)

Accepted traditions with one informer but had to
be Shi’ite.
Tafseer
Exegesis
Exegete
Muslim scholars
 Science of the Content of Revelation
 Science of the Mecca and Medina Verses
 Science of Abrogation
 Science of Reputations of the Transmitters
of the text.
The Five Principles
The categories of Acts
The Five Principles - ahkam
 There are five categories of acts in
Islam
 fard or wajib
 obligatory
 mustahabb sunna, masnun, or mandub
 recommended
 mubah or ja’iz
 permissible
 makruh
 hated
 haram
 prohibited
http://www.ilmfruits.com/wp-content/uploads/ruling_meter.jpg
fard or wajib
 Duties and acts required by
all Muslims
 Iranian embassy in South
Africa
http://www.iranembassy-sa.org.za/images/pic36.jpg
sunna, masnun, mandub or mustahabb
 Duties and acts that are
 A little boy praying
recommended but not
required.
http://bariisiyobasto.wordpress.com/2007/09/29/
ja’iz or mubah
 Indifferent actions
 Aisha, an American Muslim
child.
http://sisteraishah.com/kylie-sleeping-subhanallah.jpg
makruh
 Actions that are
disapproved but not
punished.
 Two boys of the Kazakh
and Kyrgyz people in
Russia eating horse meat.
haram
 Actions that are both
 To the left pork sausage
forbidden and punished.
(haram) and to the right
chicken sausage (halal).
http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/83_folder/83_articles/83_islamic.html