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Intellectual Awakening Zenith Reached under Harun al-Rashid and alMamun Hellenistic Sources Ino-Persian Syrian Persian Sanskrit Syriac Greek Translation into Syriac and Later Arabic Hunayn Ibn Ishaq (809-873) Practical Physician Greek to Syriac Translated Galen, Hippocrates, Plato’s Republic, Aristotle’s Categories and Physics, Seven Books of Galen’s Anatomy 500 Gold Pieces a Month plus the weight of each book Sons Translated in Arabic Mathematics al-Mamun Created the House of Wisdom Length of Solar Year Procession of the Equinoxes Measured the Length of a Degree Roundness of the Earth—Size and Circumference Al-Kharizmi Astronomical Tables on Indian Works Greek and Indian System of Astronomy Added His Own Observations Work Revised in Spain and Translated into Latin by Abelard of Bath (c. 1126) in Toledo Numbers from India Textbook on Algebra (al-Jabr) India Fables to instruct Princes by means of Animal Tales Chess Medicine Ibn Bakhtishu Nestorian Syrian Christian Cured Stomach Problem of Al-Mansur A Family Affair for Six Generations Hospitals Were Modeled on Persian Hospitals Schools of Medicine Attached Eye Diseases Earliest Book by Hunayn Ibn Isaq Al-Razi Established Hospital Put Out Meat Distinction Between Measles and Smallpox Wrote an Encyclopedia on Medicine Translated into Latin in 1279 Used as a Textbook Al-Majusi Persian andZorastrian Wrote Book on Medicine Material on Capillary System Delivery of a Child Ibn Sina (980-1070) Avicenna Physician, Philologist, Scientist, Poet Al-Qanun Codification of the Entire Greco-Arabic Medical Thought Contagious Nature of Tuberculosis Spreading of Disease by Soil and Water Translated in Latin by Gerard of Cremona in 12th Gradually Displaced the Works of Galen, Al Razi and Al Majusi During 1400’s Passed Through 15 Latin Editions In the East until th 19th Century Ibn al-Khatib Granada Theory of Infection Al Zahrawi Cordova Caherized Wounds, Crushed Stones Inside the Bladder Latin Translation Used for Centuries as Manuals for Surgery in Slaerno and Montpelier Oxford as late as 1778 Al-Tabari (838-923) 15 Volumes of History Al Masudi (d. 956) Traveled Everywhere Wrote Topica History 30 Volumes Dry Land had been Seas Wrote Geographical Works Chinese Used Fingerprints as Signatures Al-Kindi Combine the Views of Plato and Aristotle Physical Optics, Physics, and Music Influenced Roger Bacon Ibn Rushd (Avorroes) 1126-1198 CE Greatest Aristotelian Philosopher of Islam Using the Works of Aristotle in Baghdad Arabic Translation—Made Work Palatable to His Reading Audience Commentaries Were Rendered From Hebrew into Latin Cordoba and Seville Astronomer and Physician Wrote on Principles of Immunity in Cases of Smallpox Explained the Function of the Retina Ibn Rushd was a Rationalist Subject Knowledge Except Revealed Dogma of Faith to the Judgment of Reason Not a Free Thinker Nor a Nonbeliever Not Hampered by a Centralized Ecclesiastical Authority Arab Thinkers from Al-Kindi Down Through Ibn Rushd were More Free Than Their Christian Counterparts to Work Toward Harmonizing And Reconciling Traditional Religious Beliefs With The Results of Scientific Research and Rationalistic Thinking. Maimonides (1135-1165) Jewish Contemporary of Ibn Rushd Cordoba Invited to Cairo by Saladin Court Physician Buried in Tiberias Influenced Europeans—Albertus Magnus, Spinoza, and Kant Islamic Law Took Shape During Early Abbasid Period Eventually Developed This of Law called the Shari’ah Shari’ah Considered to Be God’s Eternal Set of Rules and Governs All Aspects of a Pious Muslim’s Life Shari’ah Covers Everything from Criminal Law to Rules of Worship Ideal True Law Adat—Local Custom Sources of the Law Quaran; Only a few Legal Rules Sunnah; Tradition Based On The Hadiths Qivas; Conclusions by Analogical Reasoning Ijma; Whatever the Ulama Agree Emerge Informally Ra’y: Personal Judgment was important to Early Islamic Judges Came to be Rejected by Sunni Scholars Abbasids Posture as a Truly Islamic Religious State Required the Appointment of Specialist in Religious Law as Judges Which Enabled a Theoretical Body of Law to take on the Characteristic of a Law Code for the First Time. The Hanafite School of Law Iman Abu Hanifa; Born in Iran about 699 Opposed the Umayyads; Later Opposed the Abbasids Died in Prison in 767 CE Half of the Sunnis Emphasized Analogy and he Principle of Equity which is based on Natural law Most tolerant of the Legal Schools of Islam Ottoman Turks, India, Afghanistan, and Central Asia The Malikite School of Law Malik Ibn Asnas of Medina (715-795 CE) Codified Some 1700 Legal Traditions Introduced the Formula of Consensus for the First Time More Conservative Than The Hanafite School All of North Africa except for Egypt The Shafi’ite School of Law Between the Conservatives and the Liberals Muhammad Ibn Idris Al-Shafi’i (767-820 CE) Quraysh Lived in Baghdad and Cairo Influenced all Schools Critical Examination of the Hadith Indonesia, Egypt, East Africa, and Lebanon The Hanbalite School of Law Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (780-855 CE) Islamic Fundamentalism Rejected Consensus, Analogy, Private Judgment Everything outside the Quran and Some Hadith Too Conservative to be Popular Rejected the Validity Ijma Opposed to Theological Speculation Ja’Fari School of Law Imami School of Shi’ia; Most Important Rejects Consensus, Analogy, Private Judgment Hidden Imam is the True Head of State Rules Through His Spokesmen the Mujtahids Mujtahids Are The Interpreters of the Will of the Imam There are Usually Three or Four of these Mujtahids at a Time Consensus of the Community to Be Learned, Pious, and Qualified to Issue a Fatwa Fatwa are Binding on the Faithful Shi’ite Twelvers follow This School The Ismaili School of Law Son of the Sixth Imam Only One Spokesman Conservative or as Liberal as the Leader Aga Khan (1877-1957) Karim Khan India, Iran, East Africa Zadi School of Islam Son of the Fourth Imam Do Not Believe in the Hidden Imam Close to Sunni Belief Yaman Until the 10th Religious Scholars Claimed the Right to Exercise Ijtihad—Striving for Truth Which Meant Continuous Rethinking the Rules Learned Muslim Scholars Could Reinterpret a Hadith or a Passage in the Quran or to Apply Analogy in Different Ways