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Lecture 5: a. finish learning and differential association b. social control & self control c. comparison chris uggen – soc 4141 1 last time • Meaning and utility of theory – Evaluating empirical evidence • Individual-level theories – Rational choice/deterrence (econ) – Moffitt’s 2-group (biology & psychology) • Individual-level sociological theory – Differential association & learning chris uggen – soc 4141& self control – (today) Social control 2 the DA process (9) 1. 2. 3. 4. Criminal behavior is learned .. in interaction with others in a process of communication .. within intimate personal groups. The learning includes a) techniques and b) motives, drives, rationalizations & attitudes. 5. The specific direction is learned from definitions of the legal code as favorable & unfavorable. 6. One becomes criminal because of an excess of definitions favorable to law violation over definitions unfavorable. 7. Differential associations vary in frequency, duration, priority & intensity 8. This learning process involves the same mechanisms as any other learning 9. Criminal behavior is not explained by general needs ($) and values, since non-criminal behavior expresses the same needs & values. [10. Differential Social Organization explains rates] chris uggen – soc 4141 chris uggen 3 1 Simplified Diagram of Differential Association Theory Traditions favorable to law violation Excess of definitions favorable to law violation Intimate contact with delinquent associates Learning techniques and rationalizations Delinquent behavior Traditions unfavorable to law violation chris uggen – soc 4141 4 extensions and policy • Extensions – Sykes & Matza’s (1957) Techniques of Neutralization – Symbolic Interactionism: Matsueda – Social Learning: Burgess & Akers; operant conditioning • Akers & Jensen CWB: Social Learning – Differential reinforcement: balance of anticipated or actual rewards & punishments following behavior – Imitation: esp. for initial acquisition – Support in family and peers – Drug use (r-sq of .31-.68) – Expansion to “macro-level” (social structure) chris uggen – soc 4141 5 Techniques of Neutralization & Genocide (Phillipp et al. 2016) 350 316 300 Number of Times Utilized 250 200 190 150 100 37 50 18 13 13 7 Defense of Necessity Metaphor of the Ledger 0 Denial of Denial of Injury Denial of the Responsibility Victim Condemnation Appeals to of the Higher Loyalty Condemners Type of Classic Technique chris uggen – soc 4141 chris uggen 6 2 Matsueda’s symbolic interactionist model chris uggen – soc 4141 7 d.a. policy • “Community Treatment” – harness power of the group – “guided group interaction” still used in MN – attempts to evaluate experimentally • Provo Experiment (Empey ‘59-66) – Number of Arrests in 1st year: • Provo .55 versus .7 for probation group • Provo 1.1 versus 1.7 for institution group • Silverlake replication – Percent rearrested • Silverlake 40% versus 44% for institution chris uggen – soc 4141 8 critique • • • • • • DA is tautology: true by definition Differential receptivity (drug film) Origins of definitions DA is untestable (or really hard to test) DA doesn't specify learning process DA is too deterministic chris uggen – soc 4141 chris uggen 9 3 lessons • Groups and peers as correlates or causes of delinquency – Still debated – Gangs – Peers and desistance (Warr) • Community treatment as effective as institutionalization (which isn’t great) for non-violent delinquents chris uggen – soc 4141 10 Moving to Opportunity (big treatment) • Clampet-Lundquist, Susan, Kathryn Edin, Jeffrey R. Kling, and Greg J. Duncan. 2011. “Moving At-Risk Youth Out of High-Risk Neighborhoods: Why Girls Fare Better Than Boys.” American Journal of Sociology 116:1154-1189. – Control and Lo-poverty Treatment – Change? Big effects on moms and girls (health, mental health, delinquency) • Girls who moved had lower delinquency, but no effects or negative effects for boys – Routines; Norms; Neighborhood navigational strategies; Peer interactions; Social fathers chris uggen – soc 4141 11 lecture 5b: social control and self control chris uggen – soc 4141 chris uggen 12 4 social control or “bond” theory (Travis Hirschi 1969) • Background – Intellectual: Hobbes, Durkheim (not Sutherland) • “We are moral beings to the extent that we are social beings” – Social: 1950s-1960s emphasis on school and family • Assumptions – Tendency to commit crime is “natural” (p. 79 CWB) – Normative consensus around cultural universals • a “central value system” – Absence of controls causes delinquency • “given that man is an animal…” (p. 31 Hirschi) • little variation in motivation chris uggen – soc 4141 13 conceptual tool: social bond • Four elements of bond to society – – – – Attachment [to others] Commitment [to conventional activities] Involvement [in conventional activities Belief [in the moral order] • Evaluation (CWB- Gottfredson) – Parents create “reciprocal bond” (p. 88) – Peers (birds of a feather/selection versus learning & imitation in DA/SL theory) – Best support from surveys like our class survey (adolescent hell-raising; not hardcore) chris uggen – soc 4141 14 critique & extensions • Critique – Role of delinquent friends – Causal order and endogeneity – Portrayal of delinquent as “detached drifter” – Cracks in consensus assumption • Extensions (all 1990s) – Sampson & Laub: Adult social bonds – Tittle: Control/Balance – Integrated theories (and critique) chris uggen – soc 4141 chris uggen 15 5 Gottfredson & Hirschi (1990): “general theory” of low self-control LOW INEFFECTIVE SELF-CONTROL EARLY CHILDHOOD + [ACCIDENTS] SOCIALIZATION -----> OPPORTUNITY ---> DELINQUENCY + [IRRESPONSAGE IBILITY] chris uggen – soc 4141 16 matza’s drift theory • “tweener” theory • conceptual tools: – Drift (p. 28, committed to neither delinquent nor conventional enterprise) – Neutralization (p. 60, norms may be violated without surrendering allegiance to them) – Sounding & status anxiety (p. 54), each thinks the others are committed to delinquency chris uggen – soc 4141 17 differential association vs social control • Role of culture and subculture – (normative consensus vs. conflict) • Attachment to friends (and family) • Nature of “beliefs” • Delinquency is natural vs. learned • Nature of causality chris uggen – soc 4141 chris uggen 18 6 video (if time): the telltale head • form groups of 3-5 • discuss questions on sheet (about 15 minutes) • turn in one sheet with names of all group members • Strong support from survey data • Two visions – Socialized to nothing (SC) or socialized to delinquency (DA) chris uggen – soc 4141 chris uggen 19 7