Download Industrialization and Nationalism

INDUSTRIALIZATION
AND NATIONALISM
Chapter 19.1 Objective: Discuss industrialization and its
effects on Western countries.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN
GREAT BRITAIN
• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the
1780s and took several decades to spread to other
Western nations
• Contributing Factors
• First, agricultural practices in the eighteenth century
had changed
• Second, with more abundant food supplies, the
population grew
• Third, Britain had a ready supply of money, or capital, to
invest in the new industrial machines and the factories
needed to house them
• Fourth, natural resources were plentiful in Britain
• Finally, a supply of markets gave British manufacturers a
ready outlet for their goods
CHANGES IN COTTON
PRODUCTION
• Great Britain had surged ahead in the
production of inexpensive cotton goods;
• A series of technological advances in the
eighteenth century made cottage
industry efficient
• the spinning jenny: a machine that
allowed weaver to get thread quicker
• James Watt: invented the steam engine
which meant Steam power could now be
used to spin and weave cotton;
• British cotton cloth production increased
dramatically; British cotton goods were
sold everywhere in the world and were
produced mainly in factories
IMPROVEMENTS IN
TRANSPORTATION
• In the eighteenth century, more efficient means of
moving resources and goods developed. Railroads
were particularly important to the success of the
Industrial Revolution.
• Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced
goods, thus creating larger markets.
• More sales meant more factories and more machinery.
• Business owners could reinvest their profits in new
equipment, adding to the growth of the economy.
THE SPREAD OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION
• By the mid-nineteenth century, Great Britain had
become the world’s first and richest industrial nation
• The industrial revolution spread to European
countries such as Belgium, France, and the German
States;
• In the USA, the revolution was spurred by the
development of the American transportation system;
• Growth of railroads
• Steamboats
• Labor in these factories were chiefly farm population
particularly women and children.
SOCIAL IMPACT IN
EUROPE
• Growth of Population and Cities
• In 1750, population stood at an estimated 140
million. By 1850, the population 266 million.
• The key to this growth was a decline in death
rates, wars, and diseases, such as smallpox and
plague.
• People moved from the country to the cities to
find work, traveling on the new railroads.
• Cities and towns in Europe grew dramatically in
the first half of the nineteenth century. The growth
was directly related to industrialization.
THE INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASS/THE
INDUSTRIAL WORKING CLASS
• With the Industrial Revolution came the rise of industrial
capitalism
• Industrial capitalism produced a new middle-class
group—the industrial middle class.
• The new industrial middle class was made up of the
people who built the factories, bought the machines, and
figured out where the markets were
• The Industrial Revolution also created an industrial working
class.
• Industrial workers faced wretched working conditions.
• Work hours ranged from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week, with a ½
hour for lunch and dinner.
• There was no security of employment and no minimum wage.
• women and children made up two thirds of the cotton industry’s
workforce.
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION
Chapter 19.2; Objective: Discuss the political forces that
led to revolutions across Europe.
THE WORKING CLASS
• Due to the harsh working conditions of middle class
industrial workers; reformers begun to believe that
industrial capitalism was a heartless and brutal.
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the
Communist Manifesto;
• they were appalled at the horrible conditions in
industrial factories and believed that industrial
capitalism was responsible;
• He argued that it was a struggle between the
bourgeoisie ( the middle class) vs. proletariat(
working class)
• He believed that the proletariat should over throw
the government and form a dictatorship
SOCIALIST PARTIES/ TRADE UNIONS
• Working- class leaders formed the
socialist parties based on Marx’s
ideas.
• Socialism- a form of government in
which government owns and control
some means of production such as
factories and utilities;
• Socialist parties emerged
throughout Europe; Many believed
that government ownership allowed
wealth to be distributed more
equally among everyone;
• Trade unions helped to improve
working conditions, and begun to
negotiate with employers over
wages and hours and won the right
to strike.
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European rulers moved
to restore the old order
• Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
• the leader of the congress was Austrian foreign
minister, Metternich
• The congress believed that monarchs had to rule
in order to restore power and keep peace and
stability in Europe
• These great powers rearranged territories in Europe
• Tried to prevent one country from dominating Europe
• Gave new territories to Prussia and Austria
The Conservative Order
Liberalism
• Rulers such as Metternich
believed that they need to
contain the forces of change
unleashed by the French
Revolution
• This political philosophy is
known as conservatism
• Political philosophy that
was based on the ideas
of Enlightenment;
• Liberals believed in
basic rights and
freedoms such as
those in the American
Bill of Rights
• Liberals favored a
government ruled by
a constitution such as
a constitutional
monarchy
• Believed that all men
with property should
have the right to vote
• Based on tradition and social
stability
• Favored obedience to
political authority and
organized religion
• The great powers from the
congress adopted the
principles of intervention
• The great powers had the
right to send armies into a
country to restore monarchs
to the throne
REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
• Liberalism and Nationalism became very successful in
Europe, but conservatism still dominated many European
countries
• France: overthrow the monarchy and decided to form
the 2nd republic that guaranteed universal male
suffrage(voting), and the election of a President;
• German States: tried to unify the German states but
failed;
• Austria : demonstrations in the major Austrian cities took
control of the capital and demanded a liberal
constitution
• Italian States: Revolutionaries took up arms and sought
to create liberal constitutions and a unified Italy
• The revolutions of 1848 failed
BREAKDOWN OF THE CONCERT OF
EUROPE
• The Crimean War was a struggle between the
Russian and the declining Ottoman Empire
• It was a struggle over territory in the Balkans
and the expansion of Russian territory
• Fearful of the Russians gaining too much power
the Great powers allied together to declare
war on Russia; After heavy losses Russian sought
peace and signed the Treaty of Paris
• A defeated and humiliated Russia withdrew
from European affairs for the next 20 years
• The new international situation opened the
door for Italian and German unification
NATIONAL
UNIFICATION AND
THE NATIONAL STATE
19.3; Objective: Describe the unification of Italy and Germany and
the impact of nationalism in other parts of Europe and in North
America.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• After the failure of 1848; the Northern
Italian state of Piedmont provided
leadership in achieving the unification of
Italy
• They stirred up nationalists in the other
Northern Italian states and caused them
to overthrow their foreign government
rulers
• In Southern Italy (Sicily and Naples),
Giuseppe Garibaldi raised an army and
caused a revolt in which rebels
overthrow monarchy governments
• After his victorious revolt, Garibaldi turned
over his conquest to the Piedmont state
• The Italian state, gained further territory
(Venetia) after the 1870, Franco- Prussian war
• In September 1870, France withdrew its
troops from Rome; which allowed Rome
to become the official capital of the
united Italy.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• After the failure of German unification in 1848 & 1849,
the Germans states looked to Prussia for help
• Under the leadership of Prime Minster Otto Von
Bismarck and King William I, Prussia begun to use their
reliance on military strength(militarism) to organize
the Northern Germany States
• The Southern German States decided to sign a
military alliance with Prussia for protection against
France
• After the Franco- Prussian war, France was forced to
pay $1 billion dollars, and to give up their German
state territories
• Then the southern German states decided to enter the
North German Confederation, and unite under the
leadership of Kaiser(emperor) William I of Prussia
NATIONALISM AND REFORM IN
EUROPE
• While Italy and Germany were unifying, other European countries
were also experiencing changes;
• Great Britain: managed to avoid revolutionary forces because
Parliament continued to make political and social reforms; Which
allowed male to vote in 1832, and gave the industrial middle class
an interest in ruling Britain;
• Queen Victoria governed from 1837 to 1901 longest reign in English
History; known as the Victorian Ages.
• Austria: was crushed after the revolutions of 1848 & 1849, and was
forced to create a dual monarchy with the Hungarians; becoming
Austria- Hungry, and the emperor of Austria was also the king of
Hungary who controlled a common army, foreign policy, and
system of finances, but with each country retaining their own
capital.
• Russia: After the defeat in the Crimean War, Czar Alexander II made
serious social reforms; freeing the Serfs( enslaved farmers); but
allowed the rich landowners to keep the best land; which left the
serfs unhappy and land starved.
NATIONALISM IN THE USA(CIVIL WAR)
• In the mid 19th century, the issue of slavery
became a threat to national unity
• The South’s economy was chiefly
based on growing cotton, chiefly by
slave labor; and the South was
determined to maintain slaves
regardless of the growing abolitionist
movement
• As opinions grew more divided, the
election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860
forced the South to succeed
• From 1861 to 1865, more than 600,000
soldiers died
• In January 1863, Abraham Lincoln, signed
the Emancipation Proclamation declaring
slaves “ Free Forever”
• Eventually, the north with more men and
more resources wore down the south, and
on April 9, 1865 the south surrendered to
the north
EMERGENCE OF CANADA
• After the Seven Years’ War, Canada passed from
the French to the British;
• After two short rebellions, the British decided to
move toward change, and in 1867 the
Parliament passed the British North America
Act, which established the Canadian nation;
• However their foreign affairs remained in the
hand of the British Government .