Download Part 1 2015 Notes Ch. 12

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The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain
With its plentiful natural resources,
workers, wealth, and markets, Great
Britain became the starting place of the
Industrial Revolution.
Section 1
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• Factors in Great Britain becaming the
birthplace of the Industrial Revolution:
– Agricultural practices became more
efficient, producing more food at lower
prices.
– The enclosure movement of the
eighteenth century caused many peasants
to move to towns, increasing the labor
supply.
Section 1
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
– The wealthy merchant class of Britain had
a ready supply of capital to invest in the
new industrial machines and factories.
Entrepreneurs devised new business
methods and ways to make profits.
– Britain had
plentiful natural
resources, such
as water, coal,
and iron ore.
Section 1
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The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
– Britain’s vast colonial empire gave British
manufacturers a ready outlet for goods.
• In the eighteenth century, cotton production
using the cottage industry system was
made inefficient by a series of new
technological advances.
Section 1
Figure 1
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• New technological advances, such as the
spinning jenny and flying shuttle, gave
Britain an advantage in producing
inexpensive cotton goods.
• The cotton industry
became more
productive when
Scottish engineer
James Watt
modified his steam
engine to drive
machinery.
Section 1
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The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• The steam engine was crucial to Britain’s
Industrial Revolution, leading to an
expansion of the coal and iron industries.
• Puddling was a process used to
make high quality iron for the
production of new machines,.
• Factory owners wanted to use
their machinery constantly,
laborers worked in shifts and
machines ran continuously. Child
labor was common.
Section 1
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• Railroads moved and manufactured goods
more efficiently.
• The first commercial railroad connected the
cotton-manufacturing town of Manchester to
the port of Liverpool.
Section 1
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• Railroads were a key component of the
Industrial Revolution and led to ongoing
economic growth.
Section 1
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The Spread of Industrialization
The pace of industrialization in Europe
and the United States depended on
many factors, including government
policy.
Section 1
The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)
• Governments in Belgium, France, and the
German states supported industrialization
and provided funds to build roads, canals,
and railroads.
• When the Industrial
Revolution spread to
the United States,
thousands of miles of
roads and canals were
built to link East and
West.
Section 1
The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)
• In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first paddlewheel steamboat, improving transportation
on the waterways. Eventually, railroads
provided the most effective means of
transportation.
• As farmers and
immigrants filled the
cities, a labor force
became available to
the factory owners.
• Women and children,
who were paid lower
wages
Section 1
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Social Impact in Europe
Industrialization urbanized Europe and
created new social classes, as well as
the conditions for the rise of socialism.
Section 1
Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
• European cities and towns grew dramatically
by 1850. Factories were built in towns and
cities to take advantage of their increasing
populations.
• The rapid growth of cities led to
overcrowding, disease, and poverty.
• Industrial capitalism rose during the
Industrial Revolution and produced a new
middle class that built the factories, bought
the machinery, and developed the markets.
Section 1
Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
• The Industrial Revolution also led to the
development of an industrial working class.
• The working class had little protection from
factory and mine owners and faced
dangerous working conditions.
• Women and children made up a significant
portion of the labor force due to their low
wages.
Section 1
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Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
• Reformers of these harsh working conditions
advocated socialism and believed that
public ownership of production would allow
wealth to be more evenly distributed.
• Utopian socialists such as Robert Owen
believed that an ideal society could be
created through socialism.
Section 1
The Congress of Vienna
After Napoleon’s defeat, the victors
met and redrew the map of Europe to
create a balance of power and to
strengthen conservatism.
Section 2
The Congress of Vienna (cont.)
• After the defeat of Napoleon, Great Britain,
Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the
Congress of Vienna to restore peace and
balance to Europe.
• Klemens von Metternich of Vienna wanted
to restore the monarchies that had ruled
prior to Napoleon.
• The European powers divided the land to
ensure political and military stability. They
agreed to meet regularly in conferences
known as the Concert of Europe.
Section 2
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The Congress of Vienna (cont.)
• The European powers believed in a political
philosophy known as conservatism, which
is based on tradition, the value of social
stability, and organized religion.
• The European powers, except for Britain,
adopted the principle of intervention,
which allowed the great powers to send
armies into nations where there were
revolutions.
Section 2
The Congress of Vienna (cont.)
• The great powers used military forces to put
an end to revolutions in Spain and Italy and
restored monarchies to these nations.
Section 2
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Forces of Change
Liberals and nationalists opposed the
existing political system and
threatened the conservative regimes.
Section 2
Forces of Change (cont.)
• While conservative governments were in
charge, powerful forces such as liberalism
were spreading.
• Liberals wanted to protect civil liberties, such
as freedom of the press and speech,
religious tolerance, and government rule by
constitution.
• Many liberals wanted a written document like
the American Bill of Rights.
Section 2
Forces of Change (cont.)
• Another force of change in nineteenthcentury Europe was nationalism. Nationalism
arose when people began to identify
themselves based on language, region,
culture, and customs.
Section 2
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Forces of Change (cont.)
• Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led
to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium
overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and
Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions.
Section 2
The Revolutions of 1848
Beginning in France in 1848, the spirit
of revolution spread quickly over
Europe, but the uprisings were largely
suppressed.
Section 2
The Revolutions of 1848
(cont.)
• Economic troubles in France led to a new
rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was
overthrown, and the new government
established the policy of universal male
suffrage.
• In 1848, a new constitution was ratified,
making the Second Republic the new
government of France.
• The first elected president was Charles
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.
Section 2
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The Revolutions of 1848
(cont.)
• The 38 independent states of the German
Confederacy attempted to unify in 1848.
However, the Frankfurt Assembly failed to
gain the support of Frederick William VI of
Prussia.
• Austria was a multinational state including
Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles,
Slovaks, Slovenes, Romanians, Croats,
Italians, Serbians, and Ukranians.
Nationalities in Austria-Hungary, Mid–1800s
Section 2
Toward National Unification
The rise of nationalism led to the
unification of Italy and Germany.
Nationalism and expansionism also
led to many conflicts in Europe.
Section 3
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Crimean War
• Russia, seeking warm-water ports, invaded
the Balkan provinces of Moldavia and
Walachia.
• The Ottoman Empire controlled these
provinces and declared war on Russia.
• Great Britain and France, joined the
Ottoman Turks.
• Russia quit because of heavy casualties,
and the Treaty of Paris (1856) placed the
provinces under international control.
Section 3
Charge of the Light Brigade
Half a league, half a league,
Half a league onward,
All in the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
"Forward, the Light Brigade!
"Charge for the guns!" he said:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
2.
"Forward, the Light Brigade!"
Was there a man dismay'd?
Not tho' the soldier knew
Someone had blunder'd:
Theirs not to make reply,
Theirs not to reason why,
Theirs but to do and die:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
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Effects
• The effect of the Crimean War was that the
Concert of Europe was destroyed. Austria
did not support its long-term ally in the war,
and Russia and Austria became enemies.
• Without Russia, Austria could no longer
prevent Germany and Italy from unifying.
• In 1850, people looked to the northern
kingdom of Piedmont to lead the
unification of Italy.
Section 3
Unification of Italy
• Piedmont made an alliance with France. In
return for territory, France would support the
unification of northern Italy.
• In the south, patriot Giuseppe
Garibaldi took control of Sicily,
Naples, and the southern
mainland of Italy. Garibaldi then
turned over control of the south
to King Victor Emanuel II of
Piedmont.
Section 3
• Cavour was an Italian
statesman and a leading
figure in the movement
toward Italian unification.
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
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Figure 5
German Militarism
• Italy was finally unified after the AustroPrussian War of 1866 and the FrancoPrussian War of 1870.
• Germans looked to
Prussia in the
cause of German
unification. Prussia
was an
authoritarian state
known for its
militarism.
Section 3
German Militarism
• In the 1860s, the prime
minister Otto von Bismarck
ran Prussia without the
approval of parliament. He
strengthened the army,
collected taxes, and expanded
into Denmark.
• He practice Repolitik, which
was a politics based on
practical matters
Section 3
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Toward National Unification (cont.)
• In 1870, Prussia and France
went to war. Prussia was
victorious and was given the
territories of Alsace and
Lorraine.
Section 3
Toward National Unification (cont.)
• The southern German
states agreed to enter
into union with Prussia.
The Second German
Empire, with William I as
kaiser, or emperor, was
established.
Section 3
Nationalism and Reform in Europe
While Italy and Germany were being
unified, other states in Europe were
also changing.
Section 3
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Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)
• England
– Great Britain was able to avoid the
revolutions of Europe by making social
and political reforms to stabilize the
country.
– Parliament expanded voting privileges to
the middle class, so the middle class now
had an interest in ruling.
Section 3
Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)
– The Industrial Revolution allowed wages
of workers to rise significantly, so the
working class was now able to share in the
prosperity.
– Queen Victoria, who
ruled from 1837 to 1901,
reflected the nationalistic
pride of British citizens.
Section 3
Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)
• Russia
– After being defeated in the Crimean War,
Russia realized it had to modernize.
– Russia was a large, rural, agricultural
society that depended on the authority of
the central government to function as a
European power.
Section 3
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Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)
• Czar Alexander II decided to enact reforms,
and in 1861 issued an emancipation edict
freeing the serfs.
• The new system did not improve the lives of
the serfs, however. Alexander’s other
reforms led to his assassination in 1881. His
son, Alexander III, returned to the old
methods of repression.
Section 3
Nationalism in the United States
Unified by the War of 1812, the United
States later entered a bloody civil war
that lasted from 1861 to 1865.
Section 3
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Nationalism in the United States
(cont.)
• In the middle of the nineteenth century,
slavery became the biggest threat to
American political and social systems.
Section 3
Nationalism in the United States
(cont.)
• Abolitionism in the North challenged the
Southern way of life.
• With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860,
South Carolina voted to secede. Six more
Southern states joined them and formed the
Confederate States of America.
• The American Civil War lasted for four years.
The Union defeated the Confederacy
in 1865, ending slavery and creating
one nation again.
Section 3
Romanticism
In the arts, romanticism stressed
individualism and emotion instead
of the Enlightenment’s focus on
universalism and reason.
Section 4
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Romanticism (cont.)
• At the end of the eighteenth century, a new
intellectual movement known as
romanticism emerged.
• Romanticism emphasized feeling and
emotion and valued individualism. Artists
painted as a reflection of the artist’s inner
feelings and infused warmth and emotion
into paintings.
Section 4
Romanticism (cont.)
• Ludwig van Beethoven wrote music with
powerful melodies that created dramatic
intensity.
• Literature reflected a romantic interest in the
past. Writers chose medieval subjects that
evoked strong feelings of nationalism.
Tennyson- Charge of the Light Brigade.
• Mary Shelley and Edgar Allan Poe wrote
chilling, Gothic literature.
Section 4
New Age of Science
Rapid advances in science and
technology fueled industrial growth,
made medical care more effective, and
challenged religious faith.
Section 4
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New Age of Science (cont.)
• New discoveries in science led to a growing
faith in science, which, in turn, undermined
the religious faith of many people.
• Scientists such as Louis Pasteur and
Dmitry Mendeleyev made advancements in
medicine and chemistry.
• For many people in the nineteenth century,
the truth gleaned from science led to an
increasing secularization of society.
Section 4
New Age of Science (cont.)
• In 1859, Charles Darwin wrote his book On
the Origins of Species by Means of Natural
Selection, based on the idea that all species
evolved according to a principle known as
organic evolution.
• Darwin explained that some species are
more adaptable to their environment than
others, and, through a process called
natural selection, the most fit species would
survive.
Section 4
Realism
The rise of science encouraged writers
and artists to create realistic works
that portrayed even the poor and
degraded in society.
Section 4
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Realism (cont.)
• In literary and visual arts, realism became a
movement driven by the ability to represent
the world realistically.
• Literary realists of the period rejected the
ideals of romanticism and wrote about
ordinary characters.
Section 4
Realism (cont.)
• Charles Dickens showed the realities of life in
London for the poor and unprivileged in his
novels Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. This
characters were so sympathetic that they
helped inspire social reform.
• After 1850, realism in art became the
dominant style. The French artist Gustave
Courbet painted scenes from everyday life
that included peasants and factory workers.
Section 4
• THE END
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