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Chapter 9 and 10.1 Study Guide answers.notebook April 08, 2016 Study Guide Chapters 9 & 10.1 1. Know ALL of your vocabulary words! 2. Read each statement (A‐Z) and decide if it pertains to Mitosis or Meiosis. Read each statement (A‐Z) and decide if it pertains to Mitosis or Meiosis. j. ________________________ Increases the number of body cells a. ________________________ Two divisions k. ________________________ Sexual reproduction b. ________________________ Chromosome number is maintained l. c. ________________________ Asexual reproduction m. ________________________ Daughter cells are identical to parent cell d. ________________________ Synapsis occurs in prophase causing “crossing over” n. ________________________ Process that increases the number of identical cells e. ________________________ Four daughter cells are produced o. ________________________ Two daughter cells are produced f. p. _______________________ Provides genetic variation in organisms ________________________ Produce Gametes ________________________ Produces diploid cells g. ________________________ One division q. _______________________ Produces haploid cells h. ________________________ Chromosome number is reduced by half r. _______________________ All chromosomes are inherited from a single parent cell i. ________________________ Daughter cells are NOT identical to parent cell Read each statement (A‐Z) and decide if it pertains to Mitosis or Meiosis. 3. s. ______________________ Involved in growth and repair t. chromosome: one long thread of DNA, tightly coiled; chromatin: relaxed DNA (looks like thin spaghetti strands) ______________________ ½ DNA from one parent and ½ DNA from another parent u. ______________________ Occurs in all organisms Structures found in the nucleus that contains genetic material that is passed from chromosomes generation to generation are called ________________________________________. 4. Compare and contrast chromosome and chromatin. 5. (T/F) Sister chromatids contain identical DNA copies. v. ______________________ Accumulates beneficial mutations fast 2 6. One chromosome is made up of ________ sister chromatids and formed during DNA replication. w. ______________________ Occurs in many organisms 7. x. ______________________ “Reduction Division” centromere _______________________________. 8. Hair color, eye color, and height are example of y. ______________________ Produce eggs and sperm z. ______________________Tetrad (homologous chromosome pairs) The center of the chromosome where the sister chromatids attach is called the traits ________________________________________. 9. DNA on chromosomes is arranged in segments called genes _______________________________ which control the production of proteins. Chapter 9 and 10.1 Study Guide answers.notebook April 08, 2016 10. (T/F) Humans have 23 total chromosomes. 11. (T/F) Chromosomes are arranged in pairs. 12. What are homologous chromosomes? pair of chromosomes, one from each parent a. What 3 characteristics do homologous chromosomes have in common? Same length, same centromere position, same genes 15. Process of cellular reproduction; growing & dividing in eukaryotic cells is called the cell cycle __________________________. a. Occurs in _______ main stages: 3 i. Stage One is called _____________________________________________ Interphase 1. communication 2. Explain the 3 events that occur. growth normal cell functions replicate DNA (T/F) Cells spend most of their time in interphase. transportation 3. Occurs in three sub‐stages: 13. List 4 reasons why cells are more efficient when they are small rather than continuing to Movement grow large. eliminating waste 14. What happens to cells once they reach the maximum size limit? stop growing or divide ii. Mitosis Stage Two is called _____________________________________________ 1. _________________________ ‐ cell is growing and synthesizing proteins. b. Synthesis _________________________ ‐ DNA is replicated c. Gap 2 (G 2) _________________________ ‐ cell prepares for nuclear division 4. Draw an animal cell and a plant cell undergoing cytokinesis. Be sure to label the cleavage furrow and cell plate in the appropriate cell. What happens during this phase? nucleus the nucleus divides 2. Gap 1 (G 1) a. nucleus Occurs in 4 sub‐stages: i. Prophase __________________________________ ii. Metaphase __________________________________ Anaphase iii. __________________________________ Telophase iv. __________________________________ Cytokinesis iii. Stage Three is called ____________________________________________ 1. What happens during this phase? cytoplasm divides 2 2. How many cells are produced? 3. (T/F) Cells spend the least amount of their time in cytokinesis. centrioles centrioles central vacuole cleavage furrow cell plate (will become the cell wall) Chapter 9 and 10.1 Study Guide answers.notebook 16. What two substances control the regulation of the cell cycle? Cyclin and CDK (cyclin-dependent kinases) April 08, 2016 Cancer 17. __________________________ can develop in an organism if the cell cycle is not regulated properly. a. What is cancer? the uncontrolled growth and division of cells (unregulated cell growth) a. CDKs are typically turned “off” so that cells do not continue to grow and divide but what has to happen in order for them to be turned “on”? The Cyclin connects to the CDK b. What happens when a CDK is turned “on”? b. c. Why are cyclin/CDK checkpoints crucial for regulating the cell cycle? They check for errors and can stop the process if they find a problem. Why are tumors dangerous for healthy cells? they crowd out the healthy tissue and steal nutrients/ blood supply the cell is able to enter the next stage c. tumors Large masses of cells caused by cancer are ________________________________. d. Compare and contrast malignant and benign tumors. malignant = fast growth e. benign = slow growth Cancer that starts in one tissue type and spreads to other tissue types ‐ metastasis __________________. f. List possible causes of cancer. alcohol, smoking, radiation, asbestos, other carcinogens, genetics (cancer genes) g. Name and explain 3 cancer therapies. surgery - cut it out radiation - kills cancer cells (but also good cells) chemotherapy - kills fast-growing cells 18. (T/F) Every cell is destined to survive forever. 19. What is apoptosis and why is it important for an organism’s health? programmed cell death (suicide) happens when the cell recognizes is not functioning properly 20. What are stem cells? unspecialized cell that can be changed into a specialized cell under the right conditions a. What are the two types of stem cells and where are they found? embryonic - found in embryos adult - found in bone marrow and nasal cavity b. Why are stem cells important for future medicine and treatment? they can develop into specialized cells. May be used to help treat injuries Chapter 9 and 10.1 Study Guide answers.notebook 21. Cells not involve in reproduction are called __________________________________ and autosomes they have two copies of each chromosome making them __________________________________ (2n). diploid 22. Sex cells involved in reproduction that have half the number of chromosomes are called gametes ____________________ and they have one copy of each chromosome making them haploid ____________________________________ (n). a. (T/F) Gametes are pairs of chromosomes that carry identical genetic information. b. sperm Male Gamete à __________________________Female Gamete à egg _______________________ What occurs during fertilization? two haploid gametes join and create a diploid offspring April 08, 2016 The answers and images for the mitosis and meiosis tables are in a separate document (also linked on this website).