Download Chapter 9 and 10.1 Study Guide answers.notebook

Chapter 9 and 10.1 Study Guide answers.notebook
April 08, 2016
Study Guide Chapters 9 & 10.1
1. Know ALL of your vocabulary words! 2. Read each statement (A‐Z) and decide if it pertains to Mitosis or Meiosis.
Read each statement (A‐Z) and decide if it pertains to Mitosis or Meiosis.
j.
________________________ Increases the number of body cells
a. ________________________ Two divisions
k. ________________________ Sexual reproduction
b. ________________________ Chromosome number is maintained
l.
c. ________________________ Asexual reproduction
m. ________________________ Daughter cells are identical to parent cell
d. ________________________ Synapsis occurs in prophase causing “crossing over”
n. ________________________ Process that increases the number of identical cells
e. ________________________ Four daughter cells are produced
o. ________________________ Two daughter cells are produced
f.
p. _______________________ Provides genetic variation in organisms
________________________ Produce Gametes
________________________ Produces diploid cells
g. ________________________ One division
q. _______________________ Produces haploid cells
h. ________________________ Chromosome number is reduced by half
r. _______________________ All chromosomes are inherited from a single parent cell i.
________________________ Daughter cells are NOT identical to parent cell
Read each statement (A‐Z) and decide if it pertains to Mitosis or Meiosis.
3.
s. ______________________ Involved in growth and repair
t.
chromosome: one long thread of DNA, tightly coiled;
chromatin: relaxed DNA (looks like thin spaghetti strands)
______________________ ½ DNA from one parent and ½ DNA from another parent
u. ______________________ Occurs in all organisms
Structures found in the nucleus that contains genetic material that is passed from chromosomes
generation to generation are called ________________________________________.
4. Compare and contrast chromosome and chromatin.
5.
(T/F) Sister chromatids contain identical DNA copies.
v. ______________________ Accumulates beneficial mutations fast
2
6. One chromosome is made up of ________ sister chromatids and formed during DNA replication.
w. ______________________ Occurs in many organisms
7.
x. ______________________ “Reduction Division”
centromere
_______________________________.
8. Hair color, eye color, and height are example of y. ______________________ Produce eggs and sperm
z. ______________________Tetrad (homologous chromosome pairs) The center of the chromosome where the sister chromatids attach is called the traits
________________________________________.
9.
DNA on chromosomes is arranged in segments called genes
_______________________________ which control the production of proteins.
Chapter 9 and 10.1 Study Guide answers.notebook
April 08, 2016
10. (T/F) Humans have 23 total chromosomes.
11. (T/F) Chromosomes are arranged in pairs.
12. What are homologous chromosomes?
pair of chromosomes, one from each parent
a.
What 3 characteristics do homologous chromosomes have in common?
Same length, same centromere position, same genes
15. Process of cellular reproduction; growing & dividing in eukaryotic cells is called the cell cycle
__________________________.
a.
Occurs in _______ main stages:
3
i. Stage One is called _____________________________________________
Interphase
1.
communication
2.
Explain the 3 events that occur.
growth
normal cell functions
replicate DNA
(T/F) Cells spend most of their time in interphase.
transportation
3.
Occurs in three sub‐stages:
13. List 4 reasons why cells are more efficient when they are small rather than continuing to Movement
grow large.
eliminating waste
14. What happens to cells once they reach the maximum size limit?
stop growing or divide
ii.
Mitosis
Stage Two is called _____________________________________________
1.
_________________________ ‐ cell is growing and synthesizing proteins.
b.
Synthesis
_________________________ ‐ DNA is replicated
c.
Gap 2 (G 2)
_________________________ ‐ cell prepares for nuclear division
4. Draw an animal cell and a plant cell undergoing cytokinesis. Be sure to label the cleavage furrow and cell plate in the appropriate cell.
What happens during this phase?
nucleus
the nucleus divides
2.
Gap 1 (G 1)
a.
nucleus
Occurs in 4 sub‐stages:
i.
Prophase
__________________________________
ii.
Metaphase
__________________________________
Anaphase
iii. __________________________________
Telophase
iv. __________________________________
Cytokinesis
iii. Stage Three is called ____________________________________________
1. What happens during this phase?
cytoplasm divides
2
2.
How many cells are produced?
3.
(T/F) Cells spend the least amount of their time in cytokinesis.
centrioles
centrioles
central vacuole
cleavage furrow
cell plate (will become the cell wall)
Chapter 9 and 10.1 Study Guide answers.notebook
16. What two substances control the regulation of the cell cycle?
Cyclin and CDK (cyclin-dependent kinases)
April 08, 2016
Cancer
17. __________________________ can develop in an organism if the cell cycle is not regulated properly.
a. What is cancer? the uncontrolled growth and division of cells
(unregulated cell growth)
a. CDKs are typically turned “off” so that cells do not continue to grow and divide but what has to happen in order for them to be turned “on”?
The Cyclin connects to the CDK
b.
What happens when a CDK is turned “on”?
b.
c.
Why are cyclin/CDK checkpoints crucial for regulating the cell cycle?
They check for errors and can stop the
process if they find a problem.
Why are tumors dangerous for healthy cells?
they crowd out the healthy tissue and steal nutrients/
blood supply
the cell is able to enter the next stage
c.
tumors
Large masses of cells caused by cancer are ________________________________.
d.
Compare and contrast malignant and benign tumors.
malignant = fast growth
e.
benign = slow growth
Cancer that starts in one tissue type and spreads to other tissue types ‐ metastasis
__________________.
f. List possible causes of cancer.
alcohol, smoking, radiation, asbestos, other carcinogens,
genetics (cancer genes)
g. Name and explain 3 cancer therapies.
surgery - cut it out
radiation - kills cancer cells
(but also good cells)
chemotherapy - kills fast-growing cells
18. (T/F) Every cell is destined to survive forever.
19. What is apoptosis and why is it important for an organism’s health?
programmed cell death (suicide)
happens when the cell recognizes is not functioning properly
20. What are stem cells?
unspecialized cell that can be changed into a specialized cell under
the right conditions
a. What are the two types of stem cells and where are they found?
embryonic - found in embryos
adult - found in bone marrow and nasal cavity
b. Why are stem cells important for future medicine and treatment?
they can develop into specialized cells.
May be used to help treat injuries
Chapter 9 and 10.1 Study Guide answers.notebook
21. Cells not involve in reproduction are called __________________________________ and autosomes
they have two copies of each chromosome making them __________________________________ (2n).
diploid
22. Sex cells involved in reproduction that have half the number of chromosomes are called gametes
____________________ and they have one copy of each chromosome making them haploid
____________________________________ (n).
a. (T/F) Gametes are pairs of chromosomes that carry identical genetic information.
b.
sperm
Male Gamete à __________________________Female Gamete à egg
_______________________
What occurs during fertilization?
two haploid gametes join and create a diploid
offspring
April 08, 2016
The answers and images for the mitosis and
meiosis tables are in a separate document (also
linked on this website).