Download Final Exam Review Sheet

Final Exam Review Sheet – Human Physiology
1. On a daily basis, the kidneys make about _______ of filtrate each day.
a) 1-2% b) 180 L c) 1.5 L d) 178.5 L e) 99%
2. Which of the following factors oppose(s) filtration from the glomerulus?
a) colloid osmotic pressure of plasma b) hydrostatic pressure of plasma
c) hydrostatic pressure of Bowman’s capsule d) a and c e) b and c
3. Which of the following substances would you normally find in filtrate but not in urine?
a) sodium chloride b) urea c) glucose d) small proteins e) c and d
4. Why are only 15% of the nephrons in human’s juxtamedullary?
a) humans require a greater number of nephrons that have a longer loop of Henle
b) in order to conserve water, the distal convoluted tubule is longer in juxtamedullary nephrons
c) humans do not require a greater number of nephrons that have a longer loop of Henle
d) because all nephrons have the same structure, there is no known reason for the different numbers
e) in order to release more water, the proximal convoluted tubule is shorter in juxtamedullary nephrons
5. The daily output of urine is about ______ of the fluid the kidneys filter from the bloodstream.
a) 1-2% b) 5% c) 20-25% d) 70% e) 98-99%
6. The function of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus is to:
a) regulate the pH of urine b) reabsorb glucose and amino acids c) regulate the GFR
d) vary the concentrate of urine e) maintain the salinity of the medulla
7. Which of the following substances are immediately reabsorbed from the filtrate?
1. glucose 2. K+ and H+ ions
3. amino acids
4. urea 5. large plasma proteins
a) 3 and 1 b) 4, 1 and 3 c) 1 only d) 5 and 1 e) 1, 3, 5 and 4
8. The process of renal secretion can be described as the net movement of substances:
a) from renal tubules into interstitium b) from peritubular capillaries into renal tubules
c) from glomerulus into renal tubules d) from renal tubules out of the body
e) from peritubular capillaries into the afferent arteriole and then out of the body
9. Which of these hormones could be referred to as the “salt-retaining hormone”?
a) growth hormone b) angiotensin I c) angiotensin II d) aldosterone e) antidiuretic hormone
10. Most nitrogenous wastes in blood are _____________, _______________ and _________________ .
11. The salinity gradient of the renal medulla is maintained by the ________________________, which is
short or even absent is aquatic animals that do not have the need to conserve water.
12. The ____________________ apparatus monitors the osmolarity and flow of tubular fluid and adjusts
the ______________ ________________ rate to maintain homeostasis.
13. Both male and females are affected by follicular stimulating hormone (FSH). a) True or b) False
14. What causes diabetes insipidus? _______________________________________________________.
2
15. The ___________ ____________ sphincter is controlled by a parasympathetic reflex called the
___________________ reflex, whereas the __________ _________ sphincter is under voluntary control.
16. The catabolism of starch would require the enzyme ________ and yield ________.
a) lipase: maltose b) lipase: dextrose c) amylase: sucrose d) amylose: glucose e) amylase: glucose
17. Which of the following are possible ramifications of renal failure?
1. hyperkalemia 2. hypokalemia 3. metabolic alkalosis 4. atherosclerosis
a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 b) 5 and 4 c) 1 only d) 2 and 1 e) 3 and 1
5. glomerulonephritis
18. Which of the following conditions could cause renal failure due to a decrease in renal blood flow?
a) uremic toxicity b) metabolic acidosis c) glomerulonephritis d) renal tumors e) atherosclerosis
19. Eating a meal packed with refined carbohydrates can have what deleterious effect on your body?
a) destroys  cells of pancreas b) causes glucose levels to drop c) causes insulin levels to ‘spike’
d) causes glucagon levels to ‘spike’ e) lead to diabetes mellitus type I
20. ACE finishes up the job started by:
a) angiotensin II b) angiotensinogen
c) the JG cells
d) renin
e) aldosterone
21. Insulin injections won’t help a person with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) because:
a) their  cells won’t secrete insulin anyway b) their  cells antagonize the effects of insulin
c) their target cells are desensitized to the effects of insulin
d) their cells can no longer respond to glucose and therefore more insulin will not help
e) glucagon is overproduce by  cells and blocks the effects of any insulin in the body
22. The kidneys are a ____ endocrine gland, they release ________________ & ____________________.
23. The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of cell clusters called: _________________________.
24. The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of structures called: ____________________________.
25. Lipase reduces lipids to their building blocks of _____________________ & ___________________.
26. If your body catabolized sucrose, what are the molecules liberated? ____________ &_____________.
27. List two symptoms of type I diabetes mellitus: 1) _____________________, 2) _________________.
28. List two risk factors for type II diabetes mellitus: 1) _________________, 2) ___________________.
29. The specialized portion of the DCT that relays changes in filtrate is the ___________ ____________.
30. The blood glucose levels in someone who has fasted overnight should be ________________ mg/dl.
31. All parts of the nephron except for the loop of Henle, are located in the renal ___________________.
32. The effects of caffeine on the nephron are: ___________________________________. This causes
a(n) ______________ in the GFR and therefore a(n) ______________ in urination.
3
33. In response to low blood pressure, the ____________________ cells of the kidneys secrete an enzyme
called _______. The first step in this cascade is to convert ___________________ to ________________.
34. The following pressure measurements were made: Glomerular HP = 70; Bowman’s space HP = 25;
and Blood COP = 20. Calculate the net force for glomerular filtration. Show work and units.
35. How would chronic stress & lack of sleep alter cortisol levels and increase risk of infection or cancer?
36. What is Hyeprcortisolism? How can it occur and what are the consequences?
37. What is Hypocortisolism? How can it occur and what are the consequences?
38. Make important comparisons and distinctions between the following fluids of the body:
Blood
Plasma
Filtrate
Urine
1. Volume/rate
2. pH
3. Cells
4. Glucose
5. Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+
6. Lg/sm Pro-s
39. Are Gametes (sex cells) Haploid or Diploid? __________. In terms of sex chromosomes, Females are
______ and Males are ______. Are the genes on the X chromosome the same as on the Y? ________.
40. In genetic abnormalities of the sex chromosomes, any time there is a Y chromosome present, then
genetically the sex of the person is ___________.
41. Klinefelter’s syndrome is involves which of the following?
a) a genetic male who is phenotypically female b) a genetic female who is phenotypically male
c) an XXY genotype male d) an XXY genotype female
e) an XO genotype male
42. A fetus will differentiate into a male if ________________ is present along with ________________
inhibiting factor. This will enable the _________________ ducts to become the male reproductive tract.
4
43. Turner’s syndrome is involves which of the following?
a) a genetic male who is phenotypically female b) a genetic female who is phenotypically male
c) an XXY genotype male d) an XXY genotype female
e) an XO genotype female
44. Consuming refined carbohydrates like Sucrose:
a) is evil b) is typically disproportionately high in our diets, compared to say, vegetables
c) can lead to obesity d) can lead to metabolic syndrome e) all of these
45. Comparing typical males to females, males have:
a) a lower metabolic rate b) lower levels of androgens than females c) greater muscle mass
d) higher levels of LDL’s than females e) higher pitched voices than females
46. Excessive chronic sugar intake increases AGEs. What are these and why are they bad for us?
47. Glucose ingestion inhibits hunger, but Fructose has no effect on the hormone ____________,
therefore it does NOT inhibit hunger even when providing massive amounts of calories.
48. Take a look at that comparison in class between Glucose, Fructose and Ethanol. Name one molecule
generated by ethanol consumption in your poor liver that is toxic: _________________ (hint: often used
in labs to preserve dead tissues). This molecule causes cross linking of proteins and can lead to
“______________ of the Liver”. What does Dislipidemia mean? _______________________________.
49. In addition, chronic alcohol consumption also decreases your sensitivity to the hormone
______________ (made by beta cells in your pancreas to reduce elevated blood glucose levels). When
your cells become resistance to this hormone, you can get the disease ____________________________.
50. If a young person chronically consumes large quantities of fructose they will have elevated levels of
__________ _________ in their blood (this is a product of the catabolism of Nucleic acids, such as ATP
and DNA and is a waste product in the urine). This acid can cause gouty arthritis and when elevated in
your bloodstream. It also inhibits your body’s natural vasodilators. If you cannot vasodilate your blood
vessels, then your blood pressure will ____________. Many of the issues in the questions (46-50) are
related to what has been called the _________________ Syndrome. Now list the 6 specific metabolic risk
factors that create this syndrome below:
1. _____________________________________
4. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
5. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
6. _____________________________________
5
51. For the diagram below, describe the relationship between the two structures (a and b), what is made
and released, and what their effects are on the body.
a
b
)
52. For the diagram below, describe the relationship between the two structures (a and b), what is made
and released in structure b, and what their effects are on the body.
a
b