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Ancient Greece Geography ◦ Location ▪ In Europe ▪ Peninsula that sticks into Mediterranean Sea ◦ Landforms ▪ Rocky and barren Bad for farming ▪ Good soil on coast ▪ Many mountains and valleys ◦ Climate ▪ Mild climate Dry Warm ▪ Rain in the winter ▪ Affects on culture Agora (outdoor market) Open air theaters Outside sports and athletic competitions ◦ Transportation ▪ Walked ▪ Horse and cart ▪ Horse back (only the rich) ◦ Aegean, Ionian, Mediterranean, vital to life Sailors and traders ▪ Grew grapes, olives, and grains Greek City-States ◦ Early civilizations ▪ Minoan Civilization Island of Crete King of Minos Wealth from trade with places like Syria and Egypt Grew weak (earthquakes? Mycenae?) Moved to Greek mainland ▪ Mycenae Greatest of all the city-states Defense ◦ Walls 20ft. Thick ◦ Amazing ships ▪ Athens Democracy (government by the people) ◦ Voters over 18 ◦ The Assembly (random group of 500) ◦ Slaves, women, and those born outside of Athens were not citizens Citizens must take part in defense, juries, and political debates ▪ Sparta Military state Women had more personal freedom but still little political freedom Greek Myths and Legends ◦ Polytheistic + (belief of many gods or goddesses) ▪ Myths ▪ Lived on Mt. Olympus ▪ Olympic games held every 4 years to honor Zeus ◦ The Trojan War ▪ Fought between Greek and Troy ▪ Helen of Sparta was taken to Troy ▪ The Greeks defeated the Trojans by building a large wooden horse and hiding inside ▪ Written about in the Iliad and Odyssey by Homer ◦ 12 Olympian God(ess)s ▪ Athena Goddess of crafts ▪ Aphrodite Goddess of love, beauty, and fertility magical girdle causes any man or god to fall in love with the wearer ▪ Apollo God of prophesy, music, and healing Famous for arrows and the lyre ▪ Ares God of war Depicted carrying a blood stained spear ▪ Artemis God of the hunt Arrows ▪ Demeter Goddess of agriculture Mostly seen with sheaf of grain ▪ Dionysus God of wine Often seen with a bunch of grapes ▪ Hephaestus God of fire and crafts (blacksmith) ▪ Hades God of the Underworld ▪ Hera Goddess of marriage and fertility Known as bird goddess (symbol is a peacock) Named chief deity of war ▪ Hermes Messenger god and guide to the Underworld Known for straw hat, snake caduceus, and winged shoes ▪ Poseidon God of the sea, earthquakes, and horses Often depicted with a trident ▪ Zeus God of gods and god and the sky Famous for thunderbolts Golden Age ▪ From 500-300 B.C. ▪ Great Advancements Monuments Art Philosophy Architecture Theater Literature ▪ Philosophers Great thinkers who study truth and knowledge Find natural laws to explain actions in the world Power of reason (logical thinking) Socrates ◦ Taught by asking questions ◦ Socratic Method Plato Aristotle ◦ Plato student ◦ Established a school (1st University) ◦ If used reason, could create a perfect world ◦ Small group of men (philosophers) should run government Persian War ◦ Persians attacked Greece ◦ Battle of Marathon ▪ Warrior named Pheidippides ran 25 miles to Athens to announce victory ▪ Today a marathon is the longest Olympic race ◦ Athens and Sparta joined forces ◦ Defeated the Persian Empire at the battle of Salamis Decline of Greek City-States ◦ Athens becomes powerful ▪ Forces other city-states to join Delian League ▪ Sparta leads others against Athens ▪ ◦ Peloponnesian War ▪ Sparta vs. Athens ▪ Spartans were strong on land ▪ Athenians had a strong navy ▪ Plague in Athens kills many people ▪ Athens surrenders ◦ Thebes defeated Sparta ◦ Macedonia becomes a great power to the north Alexander the Great ◦ King of Macedonia at age 20 ◦ Defeated the Persians, Syria, Phoenicia, and Egypt ◦ Began to march to India ◦ Fell ill and died (malaria) ◦ Rule lasted for 13 years ◦ Hellenistic Age (blend of Greek and Asian cultures) Hellenistic Age ◦ 3 generals divided Alexanders empire ◦ Many Greek cities were founded ◦ Trade with India, China and Africa ◦ Discoveries and inventions ▪ Hippocrates “Father of Medicine” Hippocratic Oath ▪ Archimedes Famous inventor and mathematician Archimedes screw ▪ Pythagoras Geometry- Pythagorean Theorem ▪ Euclid System of plane geometry