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Class
CHAPTER
3
S
ECTION
1
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
THE UNION IN CRISIS
Focus Question: How did the issue of slavery divide the Union?
As you read, trace the sequence of events that led to the division of the Union.
1820: Missouri Compromise keeps balance between slave states and free states.
1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act leads to “Bleeding Kansas.”
1857: Dred Scott decision inflames the nation.
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Name
Class
CHAPTER
3
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ECTION
READING CHECK
What was popular sovereignty?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Find the word intense in the
underlined sentence. Which of
the following words or phrases
do you think means the same
thing as intense?
• weak
• extreme
READING SKILL
Recognize Sequence What
event led to “Bleeding Kansas”?
1
Date
Section Summary
THE UNION IN CRISIS
In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso was introduced in Congress. It
would have banned slavery in any territory that the United
States gained as a result of the Mexican-American War. It
never became law, but it added to tension over slavery.
In 1848, northern opponents of slavery formed the
Free-Soil Party. They hoped to stop the expansion of slavery
into the western territories. The Compromise of 1850 allowed
voters in the territories to decide the slavery issue for themselves. This was known as popular sovereignty. The
Compromise of 1850 also included a Fugitive Slave Act. It
required all citizens to help capture runaway slaves. Northern
opponents of the law led an intense resistence. Resentment
against the law also led Harriet Beecher Stowe to write the
novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The book was a powerful
condemnation of slavery.
In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which
divided the Nebraska Territory into two territories. Voters in
each territory would decide the issue of slavery. Soon, both
proslavery and antislavery settlers were arriving in Kansas.
Both sides perpetrated so much violence that the territory
became known as “Bleeding Kansas.”
In 1857, in Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court ruled
that African Americans were not citizens. Therefore, they were
not entitled to sue in the courts. The Court also ruled that
Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in
any territory.
The 1858 Illinois Senate race pitted Republican Abraham
Lincoln against Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas. Douglas
won the Senate race. However, the debates brought Lincoln
national attention.
In 1859, abolitionist John Brown and a small band of followers seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
They wanted to inspire a slave uprising. Instead, Brown was
executed. His death increased northern opposition to slavery.
Review Questions
1. What was one effect of the Fugitive Slave Act?
2. What did the Supreme Court decide in Dred Scott v. Sandford?
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Name
Class
CHAPTER
3
S
ECTION
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
LINCOLN, SECESSION, AND WAR
2
Focus Question: How did the Union finally collapse into a civil war?
•
•
•
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• Confederates defeat Union
at Fort Sumter.
•
• Lincoln wins the election
without a single southern
electoral vote.
•
•
• South Carolina secedes.
• South worries that northern
radicals may try to eliminate
slavery in original southern
states.
Causes
•
Events
Effects
Fill in the cause-and-effect chart below to show the events that led to secession.
Name
Class
CHAPTER
3
S
ECTION
READING CHECK
What was the Crittenden
Compromise?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word stipulated
mean in the underlined
sentence? Circle the word below
that is a synonym for stipulated.
• denied
• specified
READING SKILL
Identify Causes and Effects
Why did the constitution of the
Confederate States of America
prevent new slaves from being
imported?
2
Date
Section Summary
LINCOLN, SECESSION, AND WAR
As the presidential election of 1860 approached, anxiety ran
high. Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis convinced Congress
to limit federal control over slavery in the territories. He
believed that the Constitution prevented Congress from interfering with slavery in states where it already existed. During
the 1860 presidential election, the Democrats split into two parties. Northern Democrats supported Stephen A. Douglas who
believed in popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats supported Vice President John C. Breckinridge. He wanted to
expand slavery into the territories. The Republicans nominated
Abraham Lincoln. They wanted to end slavery in the territories. They stipulated that there should be no interference with
slavery in the states. Lincoln won the election. However, he
did not win any electoral votes from the South.
After Lincoln was elected, South Carolina seceded from the
Union. Six other states quickly followed. In February 1861,
they set up the Confederate States of America. The Confederate
constitution stressed state independence and protected slavery.
The Confederacy wanted to win the support of Britain and
France. Therefore, it did not allow new slaves to be imported.
The Confederacy chose Jefferson Davis as President. Kentucky
Senator John Crittenden tried to compromise with the South.
He proposed a new constitutional amendment. If it had
passed, the Crittenden Compromise would have allowed slavery in western territories south of the Missouri Compromise
line. In his last weeks in office, President Buchanan told
Congress that he could not prevent secession.
In his inaugural address, Lincoln said he would not interfere
with slavery in states where it existed. He promised there would
be no war unless the South started it. When South Carolinians
fired on Fort Sumter, a Union fort guarding the harbor at
Charleston, President Lincoln called for volunteers to fight.
Review Questions
1. What was Lincoln’s position on slavery during the presidential campaign of 1860?
2. What events led to the start of the war?
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Name
Class
CHAPTER
3
S
ECTION
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
THE CIVIL WAR
3
Focus Question: What factors and events led to the Union victory in the
Civil War?
A. As you read, identify the events and developments that led to the final Union
victory in the Civil War.
Civil War
begins.
Emancipation
Proclamation
1861
1863
1864
B. As you read, note effects of the war on the North and South.
North
South
• Industrial production
increases
• Women gain
new tasks
• Agriculture
destroyed
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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1865
Name
Class
CHAPTER
3
S
ECTION
READING CHECK
Name the speech that President
Lincoln gave about what the
Union was fighting for.
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Find the word anticipated in the
underlined sentence. The word
guessed is a synonym of
anticipated. They are words with
similar meanings. Use this
synonym to help you figure out
the meaning of anticipated.
READING SKILL
Recognize Sequence Which
happened first, the Emancipation
Proclamation or the Gettysburg
Address?
3
Date
Section Summary
THE CIVIL WAR
In the 1860s, the Union and the Confederacy fought each other
in the Civil War. The North had factories to make war supplies.
Because of this advantage, northerners anticipated a quick victory. However, the South had a more committed army and
strong military leaders, such as General Robert E. Lee.
The North tried to starve the South into submission. This
strategy was named the Anaconda Plan after the snake that
slowly squeezes its prey to death. The South hoped the northerners would become tired of fighting and the war would end.
Each side won some battles, but neither side took the lead.
In 1863, Lincoln freed slaves in Confederate states with the
Emancipation Proclamation. Although the proclamation did
not actually free any slaves, it did make the war “about slavery.”
Some northerners did not agree with the way Lincoln handled the war. To deal with dissent, Lincoln suspended the
right of habeas corpus. This right guarantees that no one can
be held in prison without charges being filed. Meanwhile,
severe inflation, or price increases, led to food riots in some
parts of the South.
In 1863, Union General Ulysses S. Grant won several victories and divided Confederate territory. Confederate troops
lost a battle at the town of Gettysburg. A few months later,
President Lincoln talked about what the Union was fighting
for in a speech called the Gettysburg Address.
In 1864, General William T. Sherman led Union troops on
a march through the South. They destroyed many of the
resources that the Confederate army needed. This strategy is
called total war. In April 1865, General Lee surrendered to
General Grant. The Civil War was over. The war had helped
northern industries to grow, but it had damaged southern agriculture because most of the battles took place in the South.
Review Questions
1. Why was the Emancipation Proclamation important?
2. How did the Civil War affect northern industries and
southern agriculture?
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Name
Class
CHAPTER
3
S
ECTION
4
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA
Focus Question: What were the immediate and long-term effects of
Reconstruction?
As you read, identify the political, social, and economic aspects of Reconstruction.
Political
• Radical Republicans
clash with President.
Social
• Freedmen’s Bureau
Economic
• Sharecropping
develops.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Name
Class
CHAPTER
3
S
ECTION
READING CHECK
Which amendment ended
slavery?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Find the word status in the
underlined sentence. What does
status mean? Circle any words
or phrases in the surrounding
sentences that help you figure
out the meaning of the word.
READING SKILL
Categorize Which aspects of
Reconstruction were
unsuccessful?
4
Date
Section Summary
THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA
During the Civil War, politicians in the North debated how to
bring the South back into the Union. President Lincoln had a
moderate plan for Reconstruction. He helped create the
Freedmen’s Bureau to aid freed slaves and meet the South’s
immediate needs. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated.
Vice President Andrew Johnson became President.
Johnson wanted southerners to both swear allegiance to the
United States and accept the Thirteenth Amendment, which
ended slavery. Radical Republicans wanted full rights for
African Americans. Johnson and the Radical Republicans
clashed repeatedly. In 1868, Congress began impeachment
proceedings against Johnson. Although he kept his office,
Johnson was not reelected.
Radical Republicans divided the South into five military
districts. States had to give African American men the right to
vote in order to be readmitted to the Union. In 1868, Congress
passed the Fourteenth Amendment. This amendment guaranteed full citizenship status and rights to every person born in
the United States. In 1870, Congress passed the Fifteenth
Amendment, which guaranteed male citizens the right to vote.
Many black and white farmers began working under a system called sharecropping. Landowners advanced sharecroppers
the materials to plant a crop. At harvest, the sharecroppers had
to pay back a share of the crop’s value. Meanwhile, organized
secret societies, such as the Ku Klux Klan, used terror and violence to keep African Americans from voting.
Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won the disputed presidential election in 1876. He agreed to withdraw federal troops
from the South, ending Reconstruction. The nation was reunited and the South was being rebuilt, but Reconstruction was
not completely successful. Voting rights were taken away from
African Americans. Segregation, or legal separation of the
races, became the law in all southern states.
Review Questions
1. Why was the Freedmen’s Bureau created?
2. Why did President Johnson and the Radical Republicans
clash repeatedly?
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