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Name Class CHAPTER 3 S ECTION 1 Date Note Taking Study Guide THE UNION IN CRISIS Focus Question: How did the issue of slavery divide the Union? As you read, trace the sequence of events that led to the division of the Union. 1820: Missouri Compromise keeps balance between slave states and free states. 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act leads to “Bleeding Kansas.” 1857: Dred Scott decision inflames the nation. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 21 Name Class CHAPTER 3 S ECTION READING CHECK What was popular sovereignty? VOCABULARY STRATEGY Find the word intense in the underlined sentence. Which of the following words or phrases do you think means the same thing as intense? • weak • extreme READING SKILL Recognize Sequence What event led to “Bleeding Kansas”? 1 Date Section Summary THE UNION IN CRISIS In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso was introduced in Congress. It would have banned slavery in any territory that the United States gained as a result of the Mexican-American War. It never became law, but it added to tension over slavery. In 1848, northern opponents of slavery formed the Free-Soil Party. They hoped to stop the expansion of slavery into the western territories. The Compromise of 1850 allowed voters in the territories to decide the slavery issue for themselves. This was known as popular sovereignty. The Compromise of 1850 also included a Fugitive Slave Act. It required all citizens to help capture runaway slaves. Northern opponents of the law led an intense resistence. Resentment against the law also led Harriet Beecher Stowe to write the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The book was a powerful condemnation of slavery. In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which divided the Nebraska Territory into two territories. Voters in each territory would decide the issue of slavery. Soon, both proslavery and antislavery settlers were arriving in Kansas. Both sides perpetrated so much violence that the territory became known as “Bleeding Kansas.” In 1857, in Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens. Therefore, they were not entitled to sue in the courts. The Court also ruled that Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in any territory. The 1858 Illinois Senate race pitted Republican Abraham Lincoln against Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas. Douglas won the Senate race. However, the debates brought Lincoln national attention. In 1859, abolitionist John Brown and a small band of followers seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. They wanted to inspire a slave uprising. Instead, Brown was executed. His death increased northern opposition to slavery. Review Questions 1. What was one effect of the Fugitive Slave Act? 2. What did the Supreme Court decide in Dred Scott v. Sandford? © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 22 Name Class CHAPTER 3 S ECTION Date Note Taking Study Guide LINCOLN, SECESSION, AND WAR 2 Focus Question: How did the Union finally collapse into a civil war? • • • © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 23 • Confederates defeat Union at Fort Sumter. • • Lincoln wins the election without a single southern electoral vote. • • • South Carolina secedes. • South worries that northern radicals may try to eliminate slavery in original southern states. Causes • Events Effects Fill in the cause-and-effect chart below to show the events that led to secession. Name Class CHAPTER 3 S ECTION READING CHECK What was the Crittenden Compromise? VOCABULARY STRATEGY What does the word stipulated mean in the underlined sentence? Circle the word below that is a synonym for stipulated. • denied • specified READING SKILL Identify Causes and Effects Why did the constitution of the Confederate States of America prevent new slaves from being imported? 2 Date Section Summary LINCOLN, SECESSION, AND WAR As the presidential election of 1860 approached, anxiety ran high. Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis convinced Congress to limit federal control over slavery in the territories. He believed that the Constitution prevented Congress from interfering with slavery in states where it already existed. During the 1860 presidential election, the Democrats split into two parties. Northern Democrats supported Stephen A. Douglas who believed in popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats supported Vice President John C. Breckinridge. He wanted to expand slavery into the territories. The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln. They wanted to end slavery in the territories. They stipulated that there should be no interference with slavery in the states. Lincoln won the election. However, he did not win any electoral votes from the South. After Lincoln was elected, South Carolina seceded from the Union. Six other states quickly followed. In February 1861, they set up the Confederate States of America. The Confederate constitution stressed state independence and protected slavery. The Confederacy wanted to win the support of Britain and France. Therefore, it did not allow new slaves to be imported. The Confederacy chose Jefferson Davis as President. Kentucky Senator John Crittenden tried to compromise with the South. He proposed a new constitutional amendment. If it had passed, the Crittenden Compromise would have allowed slavery in western territories south of the Missouri Compromise line. In his last weeks in office, President Buchanan told Congress that he could not prevent secession. In his inaugural address, Lincoln said he would not interfere with slavery in states where it existed. He promised there would be no war unless the South started it. When South Carolinians fired on Fort Sumter, a Union fort guarding the harbor at Charleston, President Lincoln called for volunteers to fight. Review Questions 1. What was Lincoln’s position on slavery during the presidential campaign of 1860? 2. What events led to the start of the war? © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 24 Name Class CHAPTER 3 S ECTION Date Note Taking Study Guide THE CIVIL WAR 3 Focus Question: What factors and events led to the Union victory in the Civil War? A. As you read, identify the events and developments that led to the final Union victory in the Civil War. Civil War begins. Emancipation Proclamation 1861 1863 1864 B. As you read, note effects of the war on the North and South. North South • Industrial production increases • Women gain new tasks • Agriculture destroyed • • • • • • • © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 25 1865 Name Class CHAPTER 3 S ECTION READING CHECK Name the speech that President Lincoln gave about what the Union was fighting for. VOCABULARY STRATEGY Find the word anticipated in the underlined sentence. The word guessed is a synonym of anticipated. They are words with similar meanings. Use this synonym to help you figure out the meaning of anticipated. READING SKILL Recognize Sequence Which happened first, the Emancipation Proclamation or the Gettysburg Address? 3 Date Section Summary THE CIVIL WAR In the 1860s, the Union and the Confederacy fought each other in the Civil War. The North had factories to make war supplies. Because of this advantage, northerners anticipated a quick victory. However, the South had a more committed army and strong military leaders, such as General Robert E. Lee. The North tried to starve the South into submission. This strategy was named the Anaconda Plan after the snake that slowly squeezes its prey to death. The South hoped the northerners would become tired of fighting and the war would end. Each side won some battles, but neither side took the lead. In 1863, Lincoln freed slaves in Confederate states with the Emancipation Proclamation. Although the proclamation did not actually free any slaves, it did make the war “about slavery.” Some northerners did not agree with the way Lincoln handled the war. To deal with dissent, Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus. This right guarantees that no one can be held in prison without charges being filed. Meanwhile, severe inflation, or price increases, led to food riots in some parts of the South. In 1863, Union General Ulysses S. Grant won several victories and divided Confederate territory. Confederate troops lost a battle at the town of Gettysburg. A few months later, President Lincoln talked about what the Union was fighting for in a speech called the Gettysburg Address. In 1864, General William T. Sherman led Union troops on a march through the South. They destroyed many of the resources that the Confederate army needed. This strategy is called total war. In April 1865, General Lee surrendered to General Grant. The Civil War was over. The war had helped northern industries to grow, but it had damaged southern agriculture because most of the battles took place in the South. Review Questions 1. Why was the Emancipation Proclamation important? 2. How did the Civil War affect northern industries and southern agriculture? © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 26 Name Class CHAPTER 3 S ECTION 4 Date Note Taking Study Guide THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA Focus Question: What were the immediate and long-term effects of Reconstruction? As you read, identify the political, social, and economic aspects of Reconstruction. Political • Radical Republicans clash with President. Social • Freedmen’s Bureau Economic • Sharecropping develops. • • • • • • • • • © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 27 Name Class CHAPTER 3 S ECTION READING CHECK Which amendment ended slavery? VOCABULARY STRATEGY Find the word status in the underlined sentence. What does status mean? Circle any words or phrases in the surrounding sentences that help you figure out the meaning of the word. READING SKILL Categorize Which aspects of Reconstruction were unsuccessful? 4 Date Section Summary THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA During the Civil War, politicians in the North debated how to bring the South back into the Union. President Lincoln had a moderate plan for Reconstruction. He helped create the Freedmen’s Bureau to aid freed slaves and meet the South’s immediate needs. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated. Vice President Andrew Johnson became President. Johnson wanted southerners to both swear allegiance to the United States and accept the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery. Radical Republicans wanted full rights for African Americans. Johnson and the Radical Republicans clashed repeatedly. In 1868, Congress began impeachment proceedings against Johnson. Although he kept his office, Johnson was not reelected. Radical Republicans divided the South into five military districts. States had to give African American men the right to vote in order to be readmitted to the Union. In 1868, Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment. This amendment guaranteed full citizenship status and rights to every person born in the United States. In 1870, Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment, which guaranteed male citizens the right to vote. Many black and white farmers began working under a system called sharecropping. Landowners advanced sharecroppers the materials to plant a crop. At harvest, the sharecroppers had to pay back a share of the crop’s value. Meanwhile, organized secret societies, such as the Ku Klux Klan, used terror and violence to keep African Americans from voting. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won the disputed presidential election in 1876. He agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction. The nation was reunited and the South was being rebuilt, but Reconstruction was not completely successful. Voting rights were taken away from African Americans. Segregation, or legal separation of the races, became the law in all southern states. Review Questions 1. Why was the Freedmen’s Bureau created? 2. Why did President Johnson and the Radical Republicans clash repeatedly? © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 28