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Pharmacognosy- 1 PHG 222 Prof. Dr. Amani S. Awaad Professor of Pharmacognosy Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj. KSA. Email: [email protected] What is The meaning of Botany. To know Morphology. TO memorize plant organ systems To know what is anatomy. To study anatomy of plant organs. Medicinal Botany Botany What is Botany? Botany, also called plant science(s) or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word (botanē) meaning "grass", or "fodder“. Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify edible, medicinal and poisonous plants. Many studies one of them is the study of plants morphology. What is the benefits of botanical studies? 1-increase and improve our supply of medicines, foods, fibers, building materials, and other plant products. 2-Conservationists use botanical knowledge to help manage parks, forests, range lands, and wilderness areas. 3-Public health and environmental protection professionals depend on their understanding of plant science to help solve pollution problems Botany Morphology & Anatomy Plant Morphology or phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of the plant. This is usually considered distinct from Plant Anatomy, which is the study of the internal structure of plants. Plant morphology and anatomy are very important for description and identification of plants. Classification of flowering plats is based mainly on the morphology of the flowers Plant Organization A plant has two organ systems: 1- The shoot system: is above ground and includes the organs such as leaves, buds, stems, flowers, and fruits. 2- The root system: includes those parts of the plant below ground, such as the roots, tubers, and rhizomes. Plant Organs Organs: tissues that act together to serve a specific function • Leaves • Stems • Roots Leaves (Photosynthetic factories of the plant) BLADE • Function: Photosynthesis – food production fro the whole plant. • Consists of: - Blade (= lamina): Flat expanded area. - Petiole (= stalk): Stalk that connects leaf blade to stem, and transports materials - Stipule: Is an outgrowth of the lower zone of a young leaf, part of the leaf base STIPULE Leaf types Simple leaves: Consists of single leaf blade (lamina). Compound leaves: Consists of separate leaflets each has separate lamina and secondary leaf stalk but never have stipules and auxilary buds. leaf shapes, Margins, Apices, and Bases Shapes Apices Bases Margins Stems - Support leaves and fruits - Conduct water and sugars throughout plant (xylem and phloem) - Normally divided into nodes and internodes Types of stem The Stem A) Over ground . Normal types in majority of plants B) Underground stem Underground stems are modified plant structures that derive from stem tissue but exist under the soil surface 1. Bulb, in which the shoot consists of very short vertical stem (bearing roots below) and fleshy storage leaves (e.g. Onions). 2. Corm, in which the shoot consists mostly of vertical storage stem(e.g Colcicum) 3. Rhizome, in which the stem is horizontal and underground (e.g. Zingiber officinale, Ginger). 4. Tuber, which consists of a thick, underground storage stem, usually not upright, (e.g., Solanum tuberosum, Potato) The flowers A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants • The typical flower consists of four sets of flower parts arranged on a short swollen structure called receptacle. The four parts from outside are: • sepals (collectively called calyx) are the outermost organs below the petals which most resemble leav • petals (collectively called corolla) are the showy part of most flowers. In some flowers, the petals are green and are called sepaloid. • Stamens (collectively called androecium) are the male sexual organ of the flower. A stamen consists of an anther which contains the pollen, supported by a thin filament. • Pistils, which are often called carpels, (collectively called gynoecium) are the female sexual organ of the flower which are usually vase-like in appearance.. The flowers • Pistils, which are often called carpels, (collectively called gynoecium) are the female sexual organ of the flower which are usually vase-like in appearance.. Stamens (collectively called androecium) are the male sexual organ of the flower. A stamen consists of an anther which contains the pollen, supported by a thin filament The root root, in botany, that part of a plant normally underground. Its primary functions are anchorage of the plant, absorption of water and dissolved minerals and conduction of these to the stem, and storage of reserve foods. The root 1-Aerial roots These are adventitious roots that don’t enter the soil . It Absorb water and minerals from the air Mostly epiphytic plants have this type of roots 2-Prop roots Grow from the base of the stem Serve as to support of the plant with weak stems 3-Tap Root System Tap root or the primary root is the most common type of root system and it consists of the tap root also known as the primary root 4-A fibrous root (sometimes also called adventitious root system) is the opposite of a taproot system. It is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem y part of the plant other than the radicle are known as the adventitious roots Anatomy (plant histology) Also known planthistology, is concerned with the microscopic structure of the tissues, cells and organs of plants. Anatomy (The leaves) •The outer epidermis is covered with a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss ◦This also prevents gas exchange : •Stomata (sing = stoma) are pores in the surface of leaves which allow for gas exchange ◦Pore surrounded by two guard cells ◦Guard cells open and close to allow gas exchange •The underside of leaves is usually covered with hairs (trichomes). Functions: catch water, reduce airflow, produce wax Botany Anatomy (The stems) Stem usually consist of three tissues, dermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue. Morphology Anatomy (The root) Epidermis – The outer layer of cells Root hairs – Absorptive unicellular extensions of epidermal cells of a root.. Cortex – Primary tissues of a root bound on the outside by the epidermis and on the inside by the endodermis. In a carrot, the cortex becomes a storage organ. Endodermis – A single layer of cells in a root that separates the cortex tissues from the pericycle. Pericycle – A layer of cells immediately inside the endodermis. Branch roots arise from the pericycle. Vascular system – Bundle of xylem and phloem tissues Phloem tissue conducts products of photosynthesis from leaves throughout plant including down to the roots. Xylem tissue conducts water and minerals up from the roots up through the plant Pith-is composed of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant. The pith is encircled by a ring of xylem; the xylem, in turn, is encircled by a ring of phloem. Shape of Plant tissues A tissue is a group of coherent cells having similar form and function and have common origin. Tissues are classified according to stage of development to: Meristematic tissue: the cells have the ability of division. Mature (permanent): the cells lost the power of division. 1- Parenchyma Characters: 1- Simple living cells. 2- Have primary cellulosic thin wall with simple pits. 3- Have intercellular spaces. 4- They may be elongated, isodiametric or lobed. 2- Collenchyma Characters: 1- Simple living tissue. 2- Have primary cellulosic thick wall with simple pits. 3- May have intercellular spaces. 4- They are elongated cells Types: Lamellar: thickening on tangential walls. Angular: thickening on angles between the cells. Lacunar: thickening on walls facing the intercellular spaces. 3- Sclerenchyma They are dead cells when mature with thick secondary walls, they are elastic tissue used for mechanical support. Sclerenchyma has two types; fibers fibres and sclereids. Sclereids 4- Xylem It is the water conducting tissue which consists of vessels, tracheids, fibres and parenchyma. 5- Phloem Phloem is the food conducting tissue which is formed of four elements; sieve elements, companion cells, parenchyma and fibres. 6- Epidermis epidermal cells It occurs on the surface of plants and it is a complex tissue consisting of stomata Trichomes &(hairs)