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The Alien Invaders Among Us Maryland Invasive Species 1 What is an invasive exotic species? • A native species is one that occurred in North America prior to European settlement. • Non-native or exotic species are ones that have been introduced by people from other continents or ecosystems—the alien invaders. • Invasive exotic species are alien species whose introduction causes economic or environmental harm. 2 Why do we care? • After the loss of habitat, the encroachment of invasive exotic plants causes the next most harm to our native species. • These invasive weeds crowd out native plants. • Exotic insects kill native trees. • Our native animals suffer when the native plants they depend upon are no longer around. • Healthy ecosystems also help provide clean air and water for people. 3 How do invasive exotic species take over? • Lack of natural enemies to control populations. • Prolific seeding—dispersed inadvertently by animals and humans. • Plants spread by stolons or rhizomes. • Green out early, shading out natives. • Some change soil chemistry. • Deer play a role. 4 Who are these aliens? • Insects • Plants 5 Invasive exotic insects 6 David Cappaert, Michigan State University Emerald Ash Borer Exotic pest of ash trees in the landscape, nurseries and wooded areas 7 Photo by Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Forestry Archive Robert A. Haack, USDA Forest Service Asian Longhorned Beetle Wood-boring beetle native to China, infesting trees in New York, New Jersey, Chicago, and Toronto 8 E. Bradford Walker Ferenc Lakatos Gypsy Moth Caterpillars defoliate oak trees throughout much of the eastern US. 9 Dennis J. Souto, USDA Forest Service Wooly adelgid Aphid-like insect native to east Asia, now infesting hemlocks from New England to Georgia. Spray with horticultural oil or use systemic pesticide. 10 Invasive Exotic Plants 11 Paul Wray, Iowa State University Norway Maple Acer platanoides Tree that escapes from cultivation and invades open fields, meadows and woods where it forms thickets; very prolific seeder . 12 Norway Maple 1. Leaf veins: (5)–7 major veins (greater than 3.5 cm long) radiating from the base of the leaf blade 2. Leaf sap: Milky sap where leaf petiole is detached from stem (Squeeze petiole to make sap more evident, though sap can be difficult to observe late in the season) 3. Leaf teeth: Teeth on leaves very sharp pointed, hair-like at the tip. 4. Fruit (samara): Wings of samara widely spreading to nearly 180°, width 3.5–4.5 cm Sugar Maple 1. Leaf veins: (3)–5 major veins (greater than 3.5 cm long) radiating from base of leaf blade 2. Leaf sap: Clear sap or no sap visible where leaf petiole is detached from stem 3. Leaf teeth: Teeth on leaves less sharp, slightly rounded tip Photo by Paul Wray 4. Fruit (samara): Wings of samara bent downwards, width 2.5–4.0 cm 13 Britt Slattery, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Callery/Bradford Pear Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford' Tree that escapes from cultivation, freely reseeds, most visible when flowering. Weak tree—big branches break off. 14 Callery Pear 1. Young bark smooth with horizontal lenticels 2. Older bark shows vertical fissures 3. Large terminal buds, 0.5 inches long and extremely hairy 4. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, broadovate to ovate, 1½-3 inches long, finely toothed margin, wavy edge 5. Leaves red/purple in fall 6. Flowers white, five petals, about 3/4 inch wide, in early spring before leaves 7. Fruit small, hard, brown, almost woody, mature in fall Photo by Chuck Bargeron 15 D. Barringer, Natural LandPhoto Trust by Paul Wray Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima Tree that spreads clonally over large areas; will freely seed, very difficult to control . Do not cut down as will produce many suckers—slash bark and spray triclopyr in slashes. 16 Tree of Heaven look-alikes Ailanthus Mostly smooth Black walnut Finely serrated Staghorn sumac Larger serrations 17 White Mulberry Morus alba L. Invades old fields, urban lots, roadsides, forest edges, and other disturbed areas. Displaces native species, possibly hybridizing with and transmitting a root disease to the native red mulberry. White mulberry is native to Asia and was introduced in colonial times as a food source for silkworms. 18 White mulberry 1. 2. 3. 4. Leaf blade’s upper surface usually shiny Leaf blade underside not hairy, except on the veins Fruit size 1-2 cm long Winter buds 3-4 mm long Photo by David J. Moorhead Red Mulberry 1. 2. 3. 4. Photo by David J. Moorhead Leaf blade’s upper surface usually dull Leaf blade underside is hairy Fruit size 2-3 cm long Winter buds 5-8 mm long http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:IvanTortuga 19 Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff Burning Bush Euonymous alatus Widely planted as an ornamental shrub. The fruits have a nutritious, fleshy, red covering that is attractive to birds, which eat them and spread seeds to new locations. Seeds dispersed this way germinate easily and spread the infestation rapidly. 20 Photo by James H. Miller Burning Bush 1. Multiple stemmed, angular branching shrub 2. Conspicuously winged stems 3. Leaves deciduous, dark green, finely toothed, in pairs along stem 4. Leaves turn red-purple in autumn 5. Fruits and seed inconspicuous Photo by Chris Evans Strawberry bush or “Hearts-a-bustin” 1. Green, non-winged stems 2. Leaf pairs further apart along stem 3. Showy fruit with hot-pink shell and orange berries Photo by Karan A. Rawlins Photo by James H. Miller 21 & Ted Bodner Warner Park Nature Center Archives, Warner Park Nature Center Bush Honeysuckle Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii); Morrow's Honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii); Tartarian Honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) Shrub that invades a variety of habitats, introduced as a cultivated plant, fruit is dispersed by birds and other wildlife 22 D. Barringer, Natural Land Trust D. Barringer, Natural Land Trust Autumn Olive Elaeagnus umbellata Shrub that invades a variety of native habitats from grassland to forest, introduced as a cultivated plant, berries distributed by wildlife. 23 James H. Miller Autumn olive 1. Deciduous shrub up to 20’ 2. Stems, buds, and leaves densely covered with silvery to rusty scales 3. Leaves: Alternate, egg to lance shaped, entire 4. Dull green above, often with rusty scales below 5. Fruit small, fleshy, red to brown, August to October The Nature Conservancy 24 Jil M. Swearingen, USDI National Park Japanese Barberry Berberis thunbergii Shrub, well established in woodlands and forests, introduced as a cultivated plant; seeds spread by birds and other wildlife. 25 Photo by James H. Miller Japanese barberry 1. Spiny deciduous shrub 3-6’ tall that can form dense thickets 2. Stems are brown, deeply grooved, and have simple spines 3. Small (up to 1”), spoonshaped leaves with “entire” or smooth margins. Color bluish green to dark purplish red 4. Pale yellow flowers in small clusters occur all along stem in spring 5. Fruits egg-shaped, brightred berries (1/3”) that persist over winter 6. Associated with high tick population Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff 26 Nava Tabak, University of Connecticut Ligustrum obtusifolium: Border privet L. ovalifolium: California privet L. sinense: Chinese privet L. vulgare: European privet Both European and Asian privets are invasive. There is no native privet. 27 Privet species 1. Shrub 8 to 20 feet tall 2. Trunks with multiple stems 3. Long, leafy branches 4. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, shortstalked, varying in shape from oval, elliptic, to oblong 5. Flowers small white and tubular with four petals that occur in clusters at branch tips 6. Flowers May to July James H. Miller & Ted Bodner 28 Multiflora Rose Rosa multiflora Shrub that overtakes a variety of open and semi-open habitats, fruits dispersed by birds and other wildlife. Pull up entire plant, including all the roots. 29 Multiflora rose 1. Finely-toothed, alternate, compound leaves with 7-9 leaflets 2. Bristled “eyelash” stipules at leaf base--not found on native roses 3. Stems (canes) covered with thorns that curve downwards 4. Small white flowers ½ to ¾” in summer 5. Flower clusters only at end of branches 6. Fruits are red berries called rose hips Photo by Rob Routledge Photo by James H. Miller Photo by James H. Miller 30 Leslie J. Merhhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Wineberry Rubus phoenicolasius Introduced into the United States from Asia in 1890 as breeding stock for Rubus cultivars. Resembles blackberries and raspberries but can be identified by reddish hairs on the stem. 31 John M. Randall Wineberry 1. Multi-stemmed shrub 2. Stems densely covered with reddish, glandular hairs 3. Leaves alternate, divided into three leaflets with toothed margins 4. Terminal leaflet largest with more rounded shape 5. Leaf underside white 6. Flowers with five white petals in spring 7. Bright red edible berries in early summer Les Mehrhoff, 2008-2010 Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff 32 S. Kaufman Arthur Miller Max Williamson Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Woody vine established in woodlands and forests; introduced as a cultivated plant; berries dispersed by birds and other wildlife. To remove, cut a window out of vine. Paint stump with triclopyr. 33 Oriental bittersweet 1. Vigorous deciduous woody climbing vine 2. Leaves alternate, glossy, and rounded with finely toothed margins 3. Flowers are abundant clusters of small greenish flowers at most leaf axils 4. Fruit fleshy red-orange berry-like in fall Photo by Nancy Loewenstein Leslie J. Mehrhoff 34 Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff Porcelain Berry Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Woody vine, well established in a variety of habitats. Introduced as a cultivated plant. Berries spread by birds and other wildlife. 35 Porcelain-berry vine 1. Leaf underside: Hairs only on the veins 2. Fruit: White, turning blue or purple, with white flesh 3. Bark: Not peeling in narrow, papery strips 4. Pith: White Leslie J. Mehrhoff Native grape vine 1. Leaf underside: If hairy, then hairs usually present on the leaf surface and sometimes also on the veins 2. Fruit: Green, black, or purple, flesh watery, not white 3. Bark: Mature vines peeling or shredding in narrow, papery strips 4. Pith: Brown 36 James R. Allison Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Very common invasive vine introduced as an ornamental. Only became invasive 80 years after introduced. 37 Japanese honeysuckle 1. Perennial, semi-evergreen twining vine 2. Stems reddish brown to light brown 3. Leaves opposite, ovate to oblong-ovate 4. Margins entire, except for young leaves which are often lobed 5. Flowers bi-lobed, white turning yellow, in June 6. Fruits black, about ¼ inch, in the fall. Wendy VanDyk Evans Native honeysuckle vine 1. Leaves often fused across stem 2. Have not seen in the wild William M. Ciesla 38 Jil M. Swearingen, USDI National Park Service James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service English Ivy Hedera helix Woody vine that invades forests and woodlands, introduced as a cultivated plant; berries distributed by birds and other wildlife. 39 D. Barringer, Natural Land Trust Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff Mile-a-Minute Vine Polygonum perfoliatum Annual thorny vine that rapidly overtakes shrubs and trees; seeds dispersed by water. Easy to pull. If berries exist, bag it. 40 Mile-a-minute vine 1. Annual trailing vine 2. Stems armed with barbs 3. Cup-shaped ocrea at stem nodes 4. Leaves alternate, pale green, and shaped like an equilateral triangle 5. Flowers small, white, inconspicuous, emerging from ocrea 6. Fruits blue, berry-like at cluster in terminals Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff Todd L. Mervosh, CAES 41 Japanese Knotweed Fallopia japonica Perennial that can tolerate a wide variety of challenging conditions, including deep shade, high salinity, high heat, and drought. Commonly found near water sources, such as along streams and rivers, and in a variety of low-lying areas like ditches, waste places, utility rights-of-way and around old home sites. 42 Jil R. Swearingen Jil M. Swearingen, USDI National Park Service Garlic Mustard Alliaria petiolata Herbaceous biennial that overtakes floodplain flora and mesic uplands; very adaptable to shady forests . Produces huge quantities of seed. Pull plant and bag it if in flower (in May) or has seeds. 43 Garlic mustard 1. Biennial herb 2. First year plant is low rosette of toothed, wavylooking kidneyshaped leaves 3. Second year plant grows 1-4 feet high, flowers, then forms seed heads before dying 4. Crushed leaves smell like garlic 5. Changes soil chemistry Jil Swearingen Rob Routledge Photo by Rob Routledge Photo by Jil Swearingen Dan Tenaglia 44 Photo by Chris Evans Japanese Stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum Herbaceous annual rapidly expanding into numerous native habitats; shade-tolerant. Pull before it goes to seed in September. 45 Stilt Grass 1. Annual grass, 2-3 feet in height, with shallow roots 2. Resembles small, delicate bamboo 3. Leaves: 3 inches long, pale green, lanceshaped, asymmetric, with a shiny midrib 4. 1,000 awned seeds per plant, viable 3-5 yrs 5. Vegetative spread also (rooting at joints along stem) Photo by James H. Miller & Ted Bodner Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff 46 W Wavyleaf Basketgrass Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius This forest grass from southeast Asia was first found in the U.S. in 1996 in Patapsco Valley State Park. It colonizes quickly as its sticky seeds are spread by animals and hikers. It is now in Carroll County. 47 Wavyleaf basketgrass 1. Low-growing, shallowrooted perennial grass 2. Leaves flat, about ½ inch wide, deep green, with undulating ripples across the surface 3. Leaves clasp stem 4. Leaf sheath and stem noticeably hairy 5. Spikelets have very long awns that are sticky Photo by Garrett Waugaman Photo by Forest and Kim Starr 48 Jill Swearingen Douglas Ladd Beefsteak Plant Perilla frutescens Annual. Sold as an ornamental plant, this member of the mint family is extremely invasive by wind-borne seeds. Recognize it by the odd odor, supposedly like raw beef, when you rub it. Browsing by animals is low due to toxic characteristics. 49 What should I do? 50 Remove invasives from your property • Girdle invasive trees (slash and spray tree of heaven) or cut and paint stump with triclopyr in the fall • Pull invasive shrubs and perennials • Use herbicides where needed—read the labels and follow instructions 51 Don’t buy or plant: • • • • • • • Burning bush Japanese barberry English ivy Bush or Japanese honeysuckle Porcelain berry Bradford pear Norway maple 52 Plant natives instead! • Trees—red oak, black gum, serviceberry, red maple, fringetree, black haw viburnum • Shrubs—spicebush, sweet pepperbush, Virginia sweetspire, chokeberry, winterberry, blueberries • Perennials—Joe Pye weed, asters, New York ironweed, black-eyed susans • Vines—American wisteria, virgin’s bower, native honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens) 53 Other things to do • Notify your agriculture extension office or DNR forester if you find an invasive exotic insect • Join the Weed Warriors of Carroll County • Don’t transport firewood out of the area • Educate others 54 References • Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas. National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEn/pubs/midatlantic/index.htm • Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and their Native Look-Alikes; an identification Guide for the Mid-Atlantic: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_0 24329.pdf • Maryland Invasive Species Council website: http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/ • Maryland Department of Natural Resources invasives website: http://www.dnr.state.md.us/invasives/ • Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health http://www.bugwood.org 55