Download Parts of Speech Definition 1. NOUN Names a person

*NOTE*
All definitions and concepts contained in the Grammar section of this workbook are strictly a review of material
taught and practiced through the end of seventh grade. Mastery of all material reviewed here is expected of
all students before entering eighth grade in August. Eighth grade Language Arts-Grammar instruction will
pick up where this review ends, immediately building on these mastered concepts.
Parts of Speech
Definition
1. NOUN
Names a person, place, thing, or idea
2.
Takes the place of a noun or another pronoun
PRONOUN
• Personal Pronoun
• first person – pronoun having to do with “me”
• second person – pronoun having to do with “you”
• third person – pronoun having to do with everyone else
• nominative case – pronoun replacing noun in role of subject or predicate
nominative in a sentence
• objective case – pronoun replacing noun in the role of direct object, indirect
object, or object of a preposition, infinitive, participle, etc.
• Reflexive Pronoun – reflects back to “self”
• Relative Pronoun – starts an adjective dependent clause
• Interrogative Pronoun – asks a question
• Demonstrative Pronoun – demonstrates which one
• Indefinite Pronoun – does not refer to a definite person or thing
3. VERB
Expresses an action, a condition, or a state of being
• Three types of verbs:
• action – tells what the subject is doing
• linking – connects/links the subject to a word that describes it or renames it
• helping – “helps” an action verb or a linking verb in a verb phrase; cannot act
alone, must always precede either an action verb or a linking verb as
the first part of a verb phrase
• Verb phrase – contains one or more helping verbs followed by an action verb OR a
linking verb
4.
ADJECTIVE
Modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun
• An adjective tells Which one? What kind? How much? How many?
5.
ADVERB
Modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
• An adverb tells Why? When? Where? How? To what extent? Under what
conditions?
6.
PREPOSITION
Shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word
in the sentence
• A preposition expresses “anywhere the squirrel can go,”
• Examples: in the tree, over the ground, under the deck, above the ground, across the street, beside
the creek, between the birds, about his business, after his friend, for fun, to bed, during a
storm, off the branch, until summer, since December, around the yard, etc.
7.
CONJUNCTION
Joins words, phrases, and clauses
• Three types of conjunctions:
• coordinating – FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
• subordinating – starts an adverbial dependent clause
• correlative – always used in pairs (not only/but also, neither/nor, either/or, both/and)
8. INTERJECTION
Expresses emotion but has no real connection with the rest of the
sentence
• set apart from sentence by a comma or exclamation point
• Examples: No, dinner is not ready yet. Wow! What an incredible accomplishment!
A. Addison
Rising Eighth Grade LA
Updated 2/2011
*NOTE*
All definitions and concepts contained in the Grammar section of this workbook are strictly a review of material
taught and practiced through the end of seventh grade. Mastery of all material reviewed here is expected of
all students before entering eighth grade in August. Eighth grade Language Arts-Grammar instruction will
pick up where this review ends, immediately building on these mastered concepts.
Parts of Sentences and
Phrases
Definition
1. SIMPLE
SUBJECT
“Who” or “what” the sentence is about; the “who” or “what” of the verb
2.
The simple subject (who or what the sentence is about) plus all its modifiers (all
COMPLETE
SUBJECT
3. SIMPLE
PREDICATE
the words and phrases that modify (describe) the simple subject)
The main verb or verb phrase of the sentence expressing action,
condition, or state of being; tells what the simple subject is, is doing, or is
being
• Transitive verb – has a direct object
• Intransitive verb – has no direct object; all linking verbs are intransitive
4.
5.
COMPLETE
PREDICATE
The simple predicate (the main verb or verb phrase) plus all its modifiers (all
the words and phrases that modify (describe) the simple predicate)
COMPLEMENT
Completes the meaning of the subject and verb
D.O.
I.O.
P.N.
P.A.
• Verb Complement – can only follow an action verb
• Direct object (D.O.) – noun or pronoun that receives the action of an action verb
and answers the question, “Subject + Verb+ WHAT???”
Example: I like candy. “I like WHAT?” D.O. = candy
• Indirect object (I.O.) – can only exist in a sentence that already has a direct
object; noun or pronoun that sometimes appears
between the simple predicate and the direct object in a
sentence and answers the question, “Subject + Verb+
Direct Object+ TO WHOM or FOR WHO?”
Example: Adam throws Abby the ball. Adam throws the ball TO WHOM or FOR WHOM?
I.O. = Abby
• Subject Complement – every linking verb must be followed by a subject
complement
• Predicate nominative (P.N.) – noun or pronoun that renames the simple subject
following only a linking verb; answers the question,
“Subject + LINKING Verb+ WHAT???”
Example: Adam is an athlete. “Adam is WHAT?” P.N. = athlete
• Predicate adjective (P.A.) – adjective that modifies the simple subject following
only a linking verb; answers the question, “Subject +
LINKING Verb+ WHAT???”
Example: Adam is generous. “Adam is WHAT?” P.A. = generous
6. (PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASE)
Group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with the object
of the preposition (o.p. = noun or pronoun that answers the question, “Preposition +
WHAT? Example: under the bed
Under the WHAT? o.p. = bed)
• Acts as a modifier (an adjective or an adverb) in a sentence
A. Addison
Rising Eighth Grade LA
Updated 2/2011
*NOTE*
All definitions and concepts contained in the Grammar section of this workbook are strictly a review of material
taught and practiced through the end of seventh grade. Mastery of all material reviewed here is expected of
all students before entering eighth grade in August. Eighth grade Language Arts-Grammar instruction will
pick up where this review ends, immediately building on these mastered concepts.
IDENTIFYING PARTS OF SENTENCES: The Sentence Attack Plan 
1.
First, always identify all the prepositional phrases, putting them inside parentheses as a reminder
that NONE of the following can be inside a prepositional phrase: simple subject, simple predicate,
direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, predicate adjective.
2. Next, always identify all dependent clauses, putting them inside brackets as a reminder that NONE of
the following can be inside a prepositional phrase: simple subject, simple predicate, direct object,
indirect object, predicate nominative, predicate adjective.
3. Following, identify the simple subject, drawing a circle around it.
4. Then, identify the simple predicate, drawing a box around it, and labeling above it the verb(s) type:
action (A) / helping+action (HAV) OR linking (L) / helping+linking (HL) to determine if the next step is to look
for a verb complement or to look for a subject complement.
5. If you determine the simple predicate to be an action verb or a helping + action verb phrase, then
ask yourself, “Subject + Verb + WHAT???” If you find a logical answer to this question, label that word
as the direct object by writing “D.O.” above it. Then, only if you have already identified a direct
object, asked yourself, “Subject + Verb + direct object + TO WHOM or FOR WHOM?” If you find a
logical answer to this question, label that word as the indirect object by writing “I.O.” above it.
If you determine the simple predicate to be a linking verb or a helping + linking verb phrase, then ask
yourself, “Subject + Verb + WHAT???” This time if you find a logical answer to this question that is a
noun renaming the simple predicate, label the word as the predicate nominative by writing “P.N.”
above it. But if you find a logical answer to this question that is an adjective modifying the simple
subject, label the word as the predicate adjective by writing “P.A.” above it.
6. Now, single underline the complete subject (the simple subject + all its modifiers).
7. Following, double underline and YELLOW highlight the complete predicate (the simple predicate + all
its modifiers).
8.
Finally, diagram the sentence.
**COMPLETE  AFTER YOU HAVE FINISHED READING THE OUTSIDERS**
Choose ten total sentences from different chapters of S.E. Hinton’s The Outsider: four simple sentences,
three compound sentences, and three complex sentences. Record each of the ten sentences along
with the page number on which the sentence can be found on a sheet of notebook paper. Space the
sentences out so you have room to apply the Sentence Attack Plan given above to each, ending with
diagramming each sentence. Do not forget to use a proper four-point heading and to skip lines. Be sure
to have this work ready to turn in with the completed Summer Workbook when you return to school in
August.
A. Addison
Rising Eighth Grade LA
Updated 2/2011