Download Lecture Chapter 9

General Psychology
Lawrence D. Wright Ph.D.
Professor
Chapter 9 – Lifespan Development
9-1
Chapter in Perspective
From the moment of conception until the moment of death,
we change physically, cognitively, and psychosocially.
Lifespan developmental psychology is concerned
with…
9-2
Basic Issues in Developmental
Psychology
Nature vs. nurture?
Behavior genetics:
9-3
1
Basic Issues in Developmental
Psychology
Longitudinal studies:
Cross-sectional
studies:
9-4
Basic Issues in Developmental
Psychology
Sequential studies:
Cohorts or cohort groups:
Cohort design:
9-5
Development in Infancy
Newborns enter the world equipped with several reflexes.
The rooting reflex:
The palmar or grasp reflex:
The Moro reflex:
The Babinski reflex:
9-6
2
Development in Infancy
Some additional characteristics of infants and newborns:
9-7
Development in Infancy
Maturation:
9-8
Development in Infancy
Before birth, the brain develops at an amazing rate:
Precocious babies:
The Bayley Scales of Infant Development:
9-9
3
Psychosocial Development
in Childhood
Three types of temperament in young children have been
identified: easy, slow-to-warm-up, and difficult.
Determining temperament:
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development:
Erik Erikson:
Psychosocial crises
9-10
Psychosocial Development
in Childhood
Erikson’s psychosocial crises for childhood include:
basic trust versus basic mistrust
autonomy versus shame and doubt
initiative versus quilt and
industry versus inferiority
9-11
Psychosocial Development
in Childhood
Attachment:
Studies of young monkeys conducted by Harry and
Marguerite Harlow indicated that attachment was
determined by contact comfort, rather than by the
presence of food.
9-12
4
Psychosocial Development
in Childhood
John Bowlby’s ethological theory of attachment
stresses the adaptiveness of attachment.
Bowlby believes attachment…
Determining attachment style:
Mary Salter Ainsworth
3 types of attachment:
9-13
Psychosocial Development
in Childhood
Daycare:
Attachment:
Benefits?
Function:
9-14
Psychosocial Development
in Childhood
Peer group:
Benefits:
Drawbacks:
9-15
5
Cognitive Development
in Childhood
Cognitive development:
9-16
Cognitive Development
in Childhood
Jean Piaget proposed that cognitive development progresses
through a series of qualitative stages.
Processes by which children gain new knowledge:
Assimilation:
Accommodation:
9-17
Cognitive Development
in Childhood
Jean Piaget proposed that cognitive development progresses
through a series of qualitative stages.
Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2):
Object permanence:
Mental representation:
Preoperational stage (ages 2 to 7):
Symbolic representation:
Egocentrism:
Concrete operational stage (ages 7 to 11):
9-18
6
Cognitive Development
in Childhood
Piaget demonstrated that
preoperational children do
not grasp the principle of
conservation:
9-19
Cognitive Development
in Childhood
A stage theory of moral development was proposed by
Lawrence Kohlberg.
The three major levels of morality are:
Preconventional:
conventional role conformity:
autonomous moral principles:
9-20
Adolescence
In contemporary U.S. society, no single event marks the
passage from childhood to adulthood.
Children experience an extended period of adolescence,
which lasts roughly from age 12 to age 20.
Physical Changes:
Pubescence:
Puberty:
Secular trend:
9-21
7
Adolescence
Primary sex characteristics:
Secondary sex characteristics:
9-22
Adolescence
Piaget’s final stage of intellectual development, the formal
operational stage.
This stage is characterized by:
9-23
Adolescence
Adolescent thought patterns:
Personal fable:
Imaginary audience:
9-24
8
Adolescence
Erikson’s fifth psychosocial crisis deals with identity versus
identity confusion.
9-25
Adolescence
Identity Formation:
Identity achievement.
Frustrations of this stage of development may cause…
Foreclosure:
Negative identity:
Identity diffusion:
Moratorium:
Peer groups:
9-26
Adolescence
Family attitudes…
Family relations…
Personal commitments:
9-27
9
Early Adulthood
Early adulthood lasts roughly 20 years, from approximately age
20 until age 40.
Characteristics of early adulthood:
9-28
Early Adulthood
Intellectual abilities during adulthood...
K. Warner Schaie conducted cohort studies to determine…
His results indicated that most people…
9-29
Early Adulthood
Even though Schaie does not believe that a decline begins until late
adulthood, others disagree and suggest that intellectual abilities
continually decline as a person grows older.
Fluid intelligence:
9-30
10
Early Adulthood
A second type of intelligence, crystallized intelligence,
appears to increase throughout life.
Crystallized intelligence:
Emotional intelligence:
9-31
Early Adulthood
According to Erikson, early adulthood is characterized by the
psychosocial crisis of intimacy versus isolation.
Important decisions during this stage:
Marriage:
Children:
9-32
Early Adulthood
Diana Baumrind has found that 77% of parents use one of
three parenting styles:
authoritarian,
authoritative, or
permissive.
9-33
11
Early Adulthood
Career development:
9-34
Middle Adulthood
Middle adulthood encompasses the period from
approximately age 40 to age 65.
Physical changes:
Presbyopia:
Presbycusis:
Other physical changes:
Intelligence:
9-35
Middle Adulthood
Midlife crisis:
9-36
12
Middle Adulthood
Erikson believes that during our early forties we face the
crisis of generativity versus stagnation.
To be generative is...
Empty nest syndrome:
Boomerang Children:
9-37
Late Adulthood
Late adulthood is the period from approximately age 65
until death.
Ability or performance in elderly people…
Hence researchers distinguish between the young-old and the
old-old.
Young-old
Old-old
Physical declines:
9-38
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights
reserved.
Late Adulthood
Dementia:
One form of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease:
9-39
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights
reserved.
13
Late Adulthood
Life expectancy in the United States:
9-40
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights
reserved.
Late Adulthood
Although longer life expectancies are a relatively new phenomenon
in the United States, some areas of the world—Peru, Pakistan, the
former Soviet Union, Japan, and Iceland—are famous for the
longevity of their inhabitants.
9-41
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights
reserved.
Late Adulthood
These people seem to share four characteristics:
a)
b)
c)
d)
9-42
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights
reserved.
14
Late Adulthood
Ageism:
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
9-43
Late Adulthood
The psychosocial crisis of integrity versus despair occurs
during late adulthood.
Keys to a successful retirement:
9-44
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights
reserved.
15