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Unit 2: Hazards and Tourism Quick guide to the evening Resource Skills • Maps • Continents • Oceans • Direction • Diagrams • Photos • Articles • Opinions Using a map: Use numbers to identify the following (you should know these really) 1. North America 2. South America 3. Europe 4. Asia 5. Africa 6. Oceania Longitude and latitude: a) Identify the country found at 25°N, 80 °E b) 14 °S, 50 °W c) What is the latitude and longitude of Australia? Locating hazards… Shade in the area where tropical storms are likely to form Locating hazards… Where is a tropical storm most likely to occur? A D B E Explain your answer… Why might you need to change your answer in the future? C Locating hazards… Circle and label the following on your map. 1. Plate boundary 2. Constructive plate boundary 3. Destructive plate boundary 4. Middle of a tectonic plate Sometimes the world might appear a ‘different way around’ on a plate tectonic map…but it is the same world! Tectonics, soup, bread and chocolate? Why do tectonic plates move and what happens when they do? Question match up • Read the exam questions and answers carefully • Match the answer to the correct question • What score would you give each answer? • Note: the answers may seem similar so make sure you pick the answer most suited to the question Explain why there are volcanic eruptions in the area shown as A on Figure 1. (5 marks) Explain why either earthquakes or tropical storms occur (4 marks) Explain the causes of either earthquakes or volcanic eruptions (4 marks). Describe the possible effects of temperature increase on either tropical storms or wildfires (5 marks) Answer A • Earthquakes occur when the pressure builds up between 2 tectonic plates at a plate boundary. Plates move due to the convection currents (circulating magma in the mantle layer) underneath the earth’s crust. A sudden movement of the plates releases pressure and sends out shock waves, causing an earthquake. Earthquakes are most common on conservative or destructive plate margins. Earthquakes are very common along the San Andreas fault. Answer B • The frequency of tropical storms could increase in the future. An increase in global temperature could cause sea temperature to rise. This means that the conditions for tropical storms to form could be located in areas other than 10-30° and south of the equator. An increase in temperature could also cause tropical storms to increase in magnitude. Storms could also last for longer than they currently do, perhaps leading to storms combining to form even large storm systems. Temperature increase could also climate patterns such as El Nino events. Answer C • Point A is located on a constructive boundary. This means that the tectonic plates are moving apart due to the convection currents in the mantle layer. When the plates are pulled apart, a gap is created between the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate. This allows magma to rise to the surface and when there is a change in pressure, lava erupts from the earth’s surface. Over time, the lava will cool and solidify, resulting in new land being formed. Answer D • Volcanoes are caused when magma from the mantle layer reaches the surface of the earth. Tectonic plates move in certain ways that allow magma through to the surface. Convection currents work within the mantle layer whereby magma is heated by the core and rises. This movement causes the plates to move. Plates either move towards each other or away. When a dense oceanic plate moves towards a continental plate, the oceanic plate gets subducted underneath the continental. The oceanic plate breaks up and forced to the surface. This is a volcano. On a constructive boundary, plates are forced apart and magma rises to the surface, therefore causing an eruption. Describe the possible effects of temperature increase on either tropical storms or wildfires (5 marks) • The frequency of tropical storms could increase in the future. An increase in global temperature could cause sea temperature to rise. This means that the conditions for tropical storms to form could be located in areas other than 10-30° and south of the equator. An increase in temperature could also cause tropical storms to increase in magnitude. Storms could also last for longer than they currently do, perhaps leading to storms combining to form even large storm systems. Temperature increase could also climate patterns such as El Nino events. Explain why either earthquakes or tropical storms occur (4 marks) • Earthquakes occur when the pressure builds up between 2 tectonic plates at a plate boundary. Plates move due to the convection currents (circulating magma in the mantle layer) underneath the earth’s crust. A sudden movement of the plates releases pressure and sends out shock waves, causing an earthquake. Earthquakes are most common on conservative or destructive plate margins. Earthquakes are very common along the San Andreas fault. Explain why there are volcanic eruptions in the area shown as A on Figure 1. (5 marks) • Point A is located on a constructive boundary. This means that the tectonic plates are moving apart due to the convection currents in the mantle layer. When the plates are pulled apart, a gap is created between the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate. This allows magma to rise to the surface and when there is a change in pressure, lava erupts from the earth’s surface. Over time, the lava will cool and solidify, resulting in new land being formed. Explain the causes of either earthquakes or volcanic eruptions (4 marks). • Volcanoes are caused when magma from the mantle layer reaches the surface of the earth. Tectonic plates move in certain ways that allow magma through to the surface. Convection currents work within the mantle layer whereby magma is heated by the core and rises. This movement causes the plates to move. Plates either move towards each other or away. When a dense oceanic plate moves towards a continental plate, the oceanic plate gets subducted underneath the continental. The oceanic plate breaks up and forced to the surface. This is a volcano. On a constructive boundary, plates are forced apart and magma rises to the surface, therefore causing an eruption. Impacts of Earthquakes and Volcanoes • You are likely to have to either recall or use a resource to describe the effects of earthquakes and/or volcanoes. • Use the video clip and article to add ideas to your case study table. Impacts of Earthquakes and Volcanoes Effects of Earthquakes and Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions Earthquakes Primary Secondary Impacts of Earthquakes and Volcanoes Effects of Earthquakes and Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions Earthquakes Primary Secondary However…. • People still choose to live near volcanoes! • Why? Hazard Management • Sort the management options into the type of hazard they could help to manage • You may find that some options are suitable to manage more than one hazard • Some options are more suitable for MEDC’s than LEDC’s • Some options are more suitable for individual home owners and some are more suitable for governments and emergency services. • What other management strategies are there for hazards? Hazard Management Hazard map Education programme in schools Tropical Storms (TS) Building roof weights Cross bracing Earthquakes (E) Volcanic Eruptions (V) Wildfires (W) MEDC LEDC Radio communication Volunteer groups to clear debris Retrofitting Geographical Information System (G.I.S) Homes on stilts Educational cartoon characters Monitoring Awareness campaign Education for women Automatic window shutters Attach furniture to walls Appropriate technology Strong roofing Emergency kit TV adverts Sloped roof Automatic sprinkler system Tilt meters Evacuation plan Water air drops Weather forecasting Deep foundations Aerial photos Windproof tiles Fire lines Clear drains Local training programmes Rubber shock absorbers Restrict access Cyclone shelters Backfire Evacuation Causes of tropical storms • Use your whiteboards to create a diagram to show how tropical storms form • You have 30 seconds to begin your diagram • After that, we will begin to describe how tropical storms form • Use the additional information to add to your diagram • If you are confident with tropical storm formation, try adding case study information onto your mini whiteboard Tropical storm formation http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4020000/newsid_4022100/4022129.stm Effects of tropical storms Effects of tropical storms Primary Secondary Counting the costs of tropical storm damage Decide upon your opinion to this question. Then, list 3 reasons why you have come to that opinion. Make sure you can back up your ideas with evidence. Yes because… • • • Management and protection methods are very expensive • MEDC countries have more money per person ($48,000 per person compared to $520 per person in LEDC’s) and can therefore afford high technology solutions. Communication methods are important to send messages and information about weather forecasts and evacuation plans. • In MEDC’s, 99% of people have access to a TV, compared to 40% in LEDC’s. Therefore, more people in LEDC’s are isolated from communication about hazards. Learning about hazards and providing education are important to ensure people know how to stay safe and how to keep their property safe. • In MEDC’s 97% of people are enrolled in school. This means they can access information easier. For example, Smokey the Bear is a character used in schools in America to educate children about fire safety. No because… • • • There are many methods to keep people safe that do not need to be expensive. For example, MEDC’s may have $48,000 per person but in many communities, people work together to prepare plans and build hazard shelters. Even though it would certainly help for people to have access to TV’s and the internet, many communities find ways to send messages. For example, in some LEDC’s, different flags are used to warn people of an approaching tropical storm. Learning about hazards and providing education are important to ensure people know how to stay safe and how to keep their property safe. • Different methods are used to educate people about hazards. For example, in some LEDC’s where people may not be able to read and write, pictures are displayed in community areas to explain the action people have to take when a hazard approaches or occurs. Causes of wildfires On this slide you have many different images to show the causes of wildfires. Label each and sort them into human or physical causes. Causes of wildfires On this slide you have many different images to show the causes of wildfires. Label each and sort them into human or physical causes. Revision Idea Try a memory game. Draw all of the pictures onto small cards. Then, ask someone to take one away. Your job is to guess which one is missing. Causes of wildfires On this slide you have many different images to show the causes of wildfires. Label each and sort them into human or physical causes. Causes of wildfires On this slide you have many different images to show the causes of wildfires. Label each and sort them into human or physical causes. Causes of wildfires On this slide you have many different images to show the causes of wildfires. Label each and sort them into human or physical causes. Causes of wildfires On this slide you have many different images to show the causes of wildfires. Label each and sort them into human or physical causes. Causes of wildfires On this slide you have many different images to show the causes of wildfires. Label each and sort them into human or physical causes. Causes of wildfires On this slide you have many different images to show the causes of wildfires. Label each and sort them into human or physical causes. Causes of wildfires On this slide you have many different images to show the causes of wildfires. Label each and sort them into human or physical causes. Causes of wildfires On this slide you have many different images to show the causes of wildfires. Label each and sort them into human or physical causes. Causes of wildfires On this slide you have many different images to show the causes of wildfires. Label each and sort them into human or physical causes. Effects of Wildfires 5 marks Possible answers 5 marks 3700 travellers were impacted as trains from Madrid to Zaragoza were cancelled. 500 people had to be evacuated from their homes. Housing these people is very difficult and expensive. Emergency services struggled to cope with all of the wildfires. People were put under extreme pressure to deal with the situation. Coastal areas were damaged. This would have left problems along this environment including dead plants, ruined buildings and inaccessible roads. Farmers livelihoods were ruined when crops were destroyed. Plants and crops were lost, including 200 hectares of pines and olive tress. Deaths: 5 firemen were killed. Buildings were destroyed leaving many people homeless and businesses lost. Wildfire management • On your desks are mini whiteboards with a satellite diagram of a wildfire burning right now. • The diagram also shows wind direction and other conditions you should be aware of. • Use your white board pens to annotate around the diagram to show what action should be taken. • Make sure you consider a range of groups and individuals. Quick recap • Refer to your revision questions • On your tables, run through a few of these and see how you get on with answering them. Part 2: Tourism The Global Pattern of Tourism • On your table you have a prop • What does your prop have to do with the pattern of global tourism? Development Gap How can tourism be used to reduce the development gap? How can I get up there? It’s not fair! Annotate around the image to describe local and global problems created by tourism Annotate around the image to describe local and global problems created by tourism The Lake District: A local case study showing tourism opportunities, benefits, problems and management. The Lake District: A local case study showing tourism opportunities, benefits, problems and management. Map tasks: 1. Explain why the area within 4199 is a popular choice for tourists? (4 marks) 2. Explain why conflict between locals and tourists could occur in square 3998 (4 marks). 3. Describe the physical characteristics in square 4302 (3 marks). 4. Describe how a tourist could access Windermere from square 4002 (3 marks). Why has tourism declined here? What effect has the decline of tourism had? Sandown has recently experienced a decline in tourism…what problems has this led to? The story of Bernard Benidorm and Carly Costa Rica Bernard Benidorm Carly Costa Rica Exam Question Practice Try marking these… Ecotourism is where local people protect the environment and are sustainable. Tourists can go on bike rides. Tourists can eat outside. Try marking these… Ecotourism is where local people protect the environment and are sustainable. Tourists can go on bike rides. Tourists can eat outside. 0 0 0 Try marking these… Ecotourism is where local people protect the environment and are sustainable. Tourists can go on bike rides. Tourists can eat outside. Try marking these… Ecotourism is tourism where tourists can enjoy the local environment without causing it too much damage. Tourists in Benidorm cause lots of damage. The lodges are low to the ground and look like they are built of local materials to make sure they don’t ruin the natural environment. The activities look fun. 1 1 0 Try marking these… Ecotourism is where local people protect the environment and are sustainable. The activities tourists take part in are aimed at educating tourists about the local environment while enjoying it at the same time. Ecotourism aims to work with the environment rather than ruin it. The lodges are low to the ground and look like they are built of local materials to make sure they don’t ruin the natural environment. Tourists can enjoy a range of activities which have a minimal impact on the environment. They can also learn about local culture by visiting the local village. Try marking these… Ecotourism is where local people protect the environment and are sustainable. The activities tourists take part in are aimed at educating tourists about the local environment while enjoying it at the same time. Ecotourism aims to work with the environment rather than ruin it. The lodges are low to the ground and look like they are built of local materials to make sure they don’t ruin the natural environment. Tourists can enjoy a range of activities which have a minimal impact on the environment. They can also learn about local culture by visiting the local village. 2 1 1 http://www.aqa.org.uk/subje cts/geography/gcse/geograp hy-b-9035/past-papers-andmark-schemes Thank you for coming everyone. Any questions? Good luck to each and every student. We believe that with continued hard work, you can all achieve your potential. Go for it…you know it!