Download Stem Cells

What are stem cells?
Stem cells (Master cell): A cells
that
have
the
ability
to
continuously
divide
and
differentiate (develop) into various
other kind(s) of cells/tissues.
In other word an undifferentiated
cell of a multicellular organism
which is capable of giving rise to
indefinitely more cells of the same
type, and from which certain other
kinds
of
cell
arise
by
differentiation.
BRIEF HISTORY OF STEM CELLS
• Early 1900
- oral administration
of bone marrow
(unsuccessful).
• Mid 1900 - Defective bone marrow of mouse corrected with
intravenous administration of healthy bone marrow.
• 1973 - Unrelated bone marrow transplant (successful).
• 1981 - Derive first embryonic stem cell from mouse.
BRIEF HISTORY OF STEM CELLS
• 1998 - First human embryonic stem line
• 2001 - Clone first early human embryos for generating embryonic
stem cells.
• 2003 - Discovers new source of adult stem cell in children's primary
teeth.
• 2005 - Discovered the CBEs.
• 2006 - Create first ever artificial liver cells using CBEs.
BRIEF HISTORY OF STEM CELLS
• 2011 - Produce stem cells from endangered species.
• 2012 - Created mouse egg from mouse skin cells.
• 2013 -First lab grown meat from muscle stem cells it cooked
and tasted.
What are
stem cells?
 the body is made up
of about 200 different
kinds of specialised
cells such as muscle
cells, nerve cells, fat
cells and skin cells.
 Stem cells are the
foundation for every
organ, tissue, and cell
in the human body.
 All cells in the body come from stem cells.
 A stem cell is a cell that is not yet specialised.
 The process of specialisation is called differentiation.
Differentiation
• Cells specialize by differentiating into certain cell types
– They turn off parts of DNA that they don’t need
– Use only the parts of DNA that are needed to become a specific
cell
– *Cells that are specialized generally can’t change and become
other cell types*.
Differentiation
• Stem Cells
– Unspecialized cells that can can become ANY type of cell in the
body
– Stem cells found in every organ in body
– Stimulated to divide when…
• Growth is needed
• Damage needs to be repaired
Differentiation
• When a stem cell divides…
– Two cells are produced through mitosis
– One cell is a new stem cell (unspecialized)
– One cell is called a progenitor cell
• Somewhat specialized
• Will divide many more times, with each daughter cell become
more and more specialized
– *Cells “decide” to become specialized at the end of the G1
phase of cell cycle*.
Differentiation
• Progenitor Cell: Multipotent or unipotent cells that partially
specialized whose self-renewal can be limited. Differentiates into a
specialized and particular cell types.
Differentiation
Differentiated Cells : A cell at the end of a cell line that has become
specialized for a particular function. Differentiated Cells are derived
from progenitor cells.
Differentiation
Differentiation