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Energy Resources
Building Background
• What types of energy are there?
• How is energy converted?
Two Types of Energy
• All energy can occur as two types:
potential or kinetic energy
7 energy conversions
Acronym: Mrs. Chen
Mechanical
Radiant
Sound
Chemical
Heat
Elastic
Nuclear
Mechanical Energy
• The sum of an object’ s kinetic and
gravitational potential energy
Radiant (Light) Energy
• Energy produced by vibrations of
electrically charged particles
Sound Energy
• Energy caused by an object’s vibration
Chemical Energy
• Energy stored in chemical bonds of a
substance that can be released when the
substance reacts
Heat(thermal) Energy
• Energy related to particle motion. More
motion more heat
Elastic Potential Energy
• Elastic potential energy-energy stored in
elastic (ex: rubber band)
Nuclear Energy
• The form of energy associated with
changes in the nucleus of an atom when it
splits(fission) or comes together(fusion)
Why is the sun so important?
All of our energy can be traced back to our
sun.
Energy Conversions in Plants
Light energy is given to plants to form
chemical energy which is given to us for
kinetic or thermal energy! (or others..)
Energy Conversions in Plants
• ALL food’s energy comes from the SUN
– EVEN meat… animals eat plants and we eat
animals
Conversions involving electrical
energy
Common conversions of electrical
energy
Alarm Clock
Electrical energy  light energy and sound energy
Battery
Chemical energy  electrical energy
Light bulb
Electrical energy  light energy and thermal energy
Blender
Electrical energy  kinetic energy and sound energy
Chemical energy in
your body is
converted into kinetic
energy when your
muscle fibers contract
and relax
The chain moves
and transfers
energy to the
back wheel,
which gets you
moving!
Your legs
transfer this
kinetic energy to
the pedals by
pushing them
around in a
circle
The pedals transfer this
kinetic energy to the gear
wheel, which transfers
kinetic energy to the chain
Summarizer Activity
• How does energy change form?
Two Types of Resources
Frayer Diagram
Energy Resources
• Primary Energy Resources
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Fuels and Energy
text pgs. 164-165
answer ?s 1-5 of reading guide
• A fuel is a substance that provides a form of energy-such as heat, light, electricity, or motion—as a result of a
chemical change. Energy can be converted (changed)
from one form to another.
Activity: Rub your hands together quickly for several seconds.
Did you feel them becoming warmer? When you moved
your hands, they had mechanical energy, the energy of
motion. The friction of rubbing your hands together
converted some of this mechanical energy to thermal
energy, which you felt as heat. Energy is converted from
one form to another.
The process of burning a fuel is
called combustion.
• Science Geeks combustion
• Energy stored in fuels can be used to
generate electricity.
What are Fossil Fuels?
Text pgs. 166-167
RG #s 6-15
Formed hundreds of millions of years ago
from the remains of:
• dead plants
• dead animals
Three main fossil fuels:
1. Coal
2. Oil
3. Natural gas
Fossil fuels are made of
hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are energy-rich chemical compounds
that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. During
combustion, the carbon and hydrogen combine with
oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide and water.
This process releases energy in the forms of heat
and light.
Fossil fuels have more hydrocarbons per kg than most
other fuels. For this reason, they are excellent
source of energy. Combustion of one kg of coal, for
example, provides twice as much heat as burning
one kg of wood. Oil and natural gas provide three
times the energy of wood.
Combustion of Fossil Fuels
Hydrogen
Carbon
Energy
Production of
Electricity
Energy 101- Electricity Generation
Fuels contain stored chemical
energy, which can be released by
burning. The process of burning a
fuel is called combustion. For
example, most cars use a fuel
called gasoline.
The energy stored in fuels can be
used to generate electricity. In most
power plants, the thermal energy
produced by burning fuel is used to
boil water, making steam. The
mechanical energy of the steam
turns the blades of a turbine. The
shaft of the turbine is connected to
a generator. The generator
consists of powerful magnets
surrounded by coils of copper wire.
As the shaft rotates, the magnets
turn inside the wire coil, producing
an electric current. The electric
current flows through power lines to
homes and industries.
How is electricity made and distributed
First – some type of fuel is combusted and used to heat water and
changes to steam
Next – Turns a turbine (or piston)
Next – energy is collected in a generator, producing electricity
Next – transformer will step up the voltage
Next – travels through high voltage lines
Next – a substation transformer reduces power to be used locally
Next – Distribution lines take it to your home
Last – You turn on the lights!
Jensen Steam Engine
Hero's Engine Demo
Fossil Fuel Formation
• How are they made?
Four things needed to change
ancient living things into
Fossil Fuels
Saturated Environment
Must have moist environment
(swamp, sea, ocean)
Anaerobic
Lacks exposure to air; so things don’t
rot; no oxygen
Tremendous Pressure
Layers and layers of sediment
compress remains
Tremendous Heat
Piles of sediments create heat as
layers and layers build
Let’s start with coal.
Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed from plant remains.
Advantages:
Easy to transport
Most plentiful fuel in US
Provides lots of energy when burned
Disadvantages:
Dangerous job
Destroys ecosystems
Produces the most CO2 when burned
along with other poisonous gases
Contributes to acid in streams and in
rain
Stages of Coal
Pete Likes Biting Ants
clip
Stages of coal:
• 1. Peat (hence the
word Pete)
• 2. Lignite
• 3. Bituminous
• 4. Anthracite
Coal is mined from the
ground either by
stripping the land or
digging deep mines.
Coal Formation
peat
lignite
Bituminous
coal
Anthracite
coal
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How is coal formed?
Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed from plant remains. Coal is formed from the remains
of trees and other plants that grew in a swamp, hundreds of millions of years ago.
Layers of dead organic material settle to the swamp’s bottom forming a basic fuel
called peat. Over time, the peat continues to be compressed and as it ages, it
changes into a more dense material called lignite. Eventually lignite changes to
bituminous coal then into anthracite coal. Finally, coal may change into ?, but rarely.
How do they get it?
• Take a ride into a
mine
• Strip Mining and Shaft
Mining
• Coal Power Plant
(PA’s future???)
Oil (clip) and Natural Gas
Text pgs. 168-169
RG #s 16-23
• Oil – LIQUID fossil fuel AKA petroleum(16) formed from
decaying plant and microscopic animals over million of
years
• Fuels most cars, airplanes, trains, and ships(17)
• The US consumes a third of all the petroleum produced
in the world
• 3% of the world’s petroleum is located in the US
• Scientists can use sound waves(18) to test an area for
oil without drilling
• Oil directly from the earth is called CRUDE oil.(19)
Petroleum (oil)
• Edwin Drake couldn’t possibly have known what he
started when he drilled the first oil well in Titusville, PA,
in 1859. Oil had been known before that event for
thousands of years , but it was used only in limited ways,
such as lighting, cooking, and the waterproofing of ships.
• After 1859, the availability of oil greatly increased its
demand. It soon became a necessity after the invention
of the internal combustion engine, and the introduction of
Henry Ford’s Model T car in 1910.
• The Story Of Petroleum
• drilling for oil wkst.pdf
Oil must be REFINED or cleaned before it can be used. A
factory where crude oil is separated into fuels and other
products by heating called a refinery (20).
• Fractional Distillation
• oil refinery products
key
Oil
• Advantages:
• Disadvantages:
• Makes many products
through petrochemicals
(21) (compounds made from oil such as
Destroys ecosystems
Possibly catch on fire
Air pollution when burned
1 out of 6 wells drilled
produce useable oil
Mostly purchased from
other countries (global
dependency)
Oil spills during drilling and
transport
synthetic rubber, medicines, plastics, paints,
textiles, etc.)
• Great lubricant
• Great energy
• More than 50% is
consumed for
transportation
• Also widely used for
heating homes and fuel
for power plants
Natural Gas a mixture of methane and other gases
History of Natural Gas (includes fracking)
• Forms from the same • Pipelines transport
organisms as
gas from its source to
petroleum
the places where it is
• It is less dense than oil, used.
so it often rises above • It can be compressed
the oil deposit (23)
into a liquid and is
• Can also get trapped in stored in tanks as fuel
for trucks and buses
porous rock such as
shale
Do not confuse Natural Gas
with gasoline!
Advantages:
• Produces large
amounts of energy
(22)
• Lowest levels of
pollutants (CO2) than
coal and oil
• Can be compressed
to a liquid for
transporting
Disadvantages:
• Leaks can cause
violent explosions or
fire (no odor)
• Destroys ecosystems
• May taint
groundwater
• Possibly triggers
earthquakes
• Highly flammable (22)
Fossil Fuels
Advantages
Cost (relatively cheap
to produce)
Already have Fossil
Fuel plants
Provides lots of energy
Disadvantages
Pollution (both land
and air)
Nonrenewable (24)
resource (we will
eventually run out of
Fossil Fuels)
Fossil Fuel Shortages
• Fossil fuels are limited - they take a very long time to
replace –take hundreds of millions of years to form (25)
• New sources of energy are needed to (25) replace
decreasing fossil fuel reserves
• Conservation of fossils fuels is the best way to provide
energy for the future!
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Make sure your dishwasher is full
Turn your refrigerator down
Turn the water off while brushing your teeth
Turn off the lights when you leave a room
Keep your heat a little lower and your air conditioning a little higher
Walk, ride a bike or take public transportation when possible
Detour
• The Problems for Nonrenewable
Resources
• SEE GLOBAL WARMING PPT AND
CLIPS
Nuclear Energy
text pgs. 181-185
• Non-renewable even though we have plenty of Uranium
to last a very long time. The central core of an atom that
contains the protons and neutrons is called the
1.nucleus.
• Two types of nuclear reactions – 2.fission and fusion
fission and fusion explained
3. Nuclear reactions convert matter into energy.
• Albert Einstein’s formula,4. E= mc2, describes the
relationship between energy and matter.
Fission
Fission
5. Nuclear fission– the splitting of an atomic nucleus (of a
6. Uranium 235 atom, an isotope into two smaller nuclei,
during which nuclear energy is released. This energy
produces heat which boils water which spins the turbine
which drives the generator to produce electricity.
Radioactive wastes are produced.
Once the first nucleus (the center core of an atom that
contains protons and neutrons) is split, it continues to split
in a process called a nuclear
chain reaction
How is electricity produced in a
nuclear power plant?
How a nuclear reactor works
Parts of a Reactor
• B. Reactor Vessel
• A. Fuel Rod
• Is where nuclear
fission occurs
• Contains the Uranium
• D. Control rod
• Controls the reaction
(usually made from cadmium or boron)
• C.Heat exchanger
• Changes hot water to
steam
Nuclear Energy (Fission)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nonrenewable
Harmful radiation
resource but TONS of
potential
Uranium around to last a Radioactive wastes
 13.remain dangerous for thousands of
LONG time!
years) –difficult to dispose of)
No air pollution from
12. Meltdown ( fuel rods start to
poisonous gases
melt)
Security (terrorism target)
Expensive to build and
maintain
14.Nuclear
Fusion - the combining of two atomic
nuclei to produce a single larger nucleus
• One kind of hydrogen (H2) has one proton and one
neutron and the other kind (H3) has one proton and two
neutrons. The tremendous heat and pressure cause
them to combine and create a helium nucleus with two
protons and two neutrons. This helium nucleus has
slightly less mass than the total mass of the two
hydrogen nuclei. The difference is converted into
energy.
Nuclear Energy (Fusion)
Advantages
15.Resource water is
readily available
No air pollution from
poisonous gases
Produces much more
energy per atom than
fission
Disadvantages
15.Difficult to control
large-scale fusion
reaction
Extreme temperatures
and pressure are
needed
Takes more energy to
generate than it creates
Nuclear Disasters
• Chernobyl and Three Mile Island Revisited
• Chernobyl disaster
• Understanding the Accident of Fukushima
Disaster
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1-2 Energy from the Sun
Energy From the Sun
Solar Energy
Passive Solar Heating
•
In passive solar-heating systems, the windows of a building are
positioned so that sunlight enters directly and heats the building. Shades
keep the heat in at night. Awnings are constructed to keep too much heat
from entering during the summer.
Active Solar Heating
• Energy from the sun
heats tubes filled with
water in the solar
collector. This heated
liquid travels to the
water storage tank.
The water in the tank
is heated up because
of the hot tubes. This
heated water is sent
to various areas in
the house for hot
water.
Solar Cells
• Solar Cells
(AKA photovoltaic
cells) convert
sunlight directly into
electricity.
Silicon is used to
stimulate a flow of
electrons across the
cell. This flow of
electrons IS an
electric current!
Power Towers
• An array of mirrors
focuses sunlight onto a
boiler mounted on a
tower. The boiler
produces steam which
spins the turbine to drive
the generator which
creates electricity.
Solar Energy
Advantages
Renewable (free fuel)
Tremendous potential
(1 hour of sunlight =
electricity for one year)
No pollution
Disadvantages
Cost - very expensive
No sun = no energy
Need back up for cloudy
days and night
Takes up a large space
Wind Power
• Indirect form of solar
energy because
without the sun we
would have no wind!
• Wind spins the
turbine to drive the
generator which
creates electricity.
Wind Energy
Advantages
Renewable (free fuel)
No pollution
Disadvantages
No wind = no energy
Takes up a lot of space
birds in turbines
Bats can die!
Water Power (Hydroelectric)
• Indirect form of
solar energy
because without
the sun we
would have no
water cycle!
• How it works
Water Energy
Advantages
Renewable (free fuel)
No pollution
Relatively inexpensive
Disadvantages
Limited locations
Harmful to environment
(flooding, plant and fish)
Most places that can be
dammed are already
Geothermal Energy
• Energy produced
from the heat energy
within the Earth itself.
• Steam from geysers
can heat homes
• Well can be dug
where water is heated
to produce steam
• ground source
geothermal
Geothermal Energy
Advantages
Renewable (free fuel)
No pollution
Constant temperatures
close to surface if earth
50-55 degrees
Disadvantages
Limited locations for
volcanic access
Must have big enough
area for install
Tidal Energy
• When the movement
of water going from
high tide to low tide is
captured, energy can
be produced.
• The movement of
water turns the
turbine…etc.
• Disadvantages – very
limited locations
• wave energy example
Tidal Energy
Advantages
Renewable (free fuel)
No pollution
Disadvantages
Limited locations (only
along coastlines)
Animals can be caught
in turbines
Biomass
• Any materials that come from living things.
• This material can be burned to produce
heat. algae to fuel
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SUNFLOWER
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Biomass Energy
Advantages
Disadvantages
Inexhaustible fuel source
Alcohols (like ethanol) and other
fuels produced by biomass are
efficient, viable, and relatively
clean-burning
Available throughout the world
Could contribute a great deal to
global warming and particulate
pollution if directly burned
Still an expensive source in
terms of how much energy is
used to produce it
Hydrogen
• Hydrogen is a colorless,
odorless gas that
accounts for 75 percent
of the entire universe's
mass. Hydrogen is found
on Earth only in
combination with other
elements such as
oxygen, carbon and
nitrogen. To use
hydrogen, it must be
separated from these
other elements.
Hydrogen Key technology for the future
•
Today, hydrogen is used primarily
in ammonia manufacturing,
petroleum refining and synthesis
of methanol. It's also used in
NASA's space program as fuel for
the space shuttles, and in fuel
cells that provide heat, electricity
and drinking water for astronauts.
Fuel cells are devices that directly
convert hydrogen into electricity.
In the future, hydrogen could be
used to fuel vehicles (such as the
DaimlerChrysler NeCar 4shown in
the picture to the right) and
aircraft, and provide power for our
homes and offices.
• How hydrogen fuel
is made