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Firdiana Sanjaya 4201414050 Ana Alina 4201414095 Magnetism Every magnet of whatever shape has two poles,designated the north and south poles The like poles of two magnets repel each other and the unlike poles attrack each other. With a typical bar magnet, for example, the field goes from the north pole to the south pole outside the magnet, and back from south to north inside the magnet. The relationship between magnetism and electricity shown that a changing magnetic field creates an electric field and a changing electric field creates a magnetic field. The magnetic field produced by currents in wires The magnitude of the field at a distance r from a wire carrying a current I is given by: The field at the center of a circular loop of radius r carrying a current I is given by: For N loops put together to form a flat coil, the field is just multiplied by N: The field along the axis of the solenoid has a magnitude of: Right-hand rule the vector v is in the direction of your thumb and B in the direction of your fingers. The force FB on a positive charge is in the direction of your palm, as if you are pushing the particle with your hand. The force on a charged particle in a magnetic field Experiments on various charged particles moving in a magnetic field give the following results: The magnitude FB of the magnetic force exerted on the particle is proportional to the charge q and to the speed v of the particle. The magnitude and direction of FB depend on the velocity of the particle and on the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field B. When a charged particle moves parallel to the magnetic field vector, the magnetic force acting on the particle is zero. When the particle’s velocity vector makes any angle ≠ 0 with the magnetic field, the magnetic force acts in a direction perpendicular to both v and B; that is, FB is perpendicular to the plane formed by v and B The magnetic force exerted on a positive charge is in the direction opposite the direction of the magnetic force exerted on a negative charge moving in the same direction The magnitude of the magnetic force exerted on the moving particle is proportional to sin 𝜃, where 𝜃 is the angle the particle’s velocity vector makes with the direction of B. Magnetic Force Acting on a CurrentCarrying Conductor B directed out of the page DIRECTION OF B B directed into the page Magnetic Force Acting on a CurrentCarrying Conductor Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field For the magnetic field is parallel to the plane of the loop Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field For the uniform magnetic field makes an angle 𝜃 <90° with a line perpendicular to the plane of the loop Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field Although we obtained the torque for a particular orientation of B with respect to the loop, the equation 𝜏 = 𝜇 x B is valid for any orientation. Furthermore, although we derived the torque expression for a rectangular loop, the result is valid for a loop of any shape. If a coil consists of N turns of wire, each carrying the same current and enclosing the same area, the total magnetic dipole moment of the coil is N times the magnetic dipole moment for one turn. The potential energy of a system of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field depends on the orientation of the dipole in the magnetic field and is given by Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field The particle moves in a circle because the magnetic force FB is perpendicular to v and B and has a constant magnitude qvB. As Figure illustrates, the rotation is counterclockwise for a positive charge. If q were negative, the rotation would be clockwise. The Cyclotron A cyclotron is a device that can accelerate charged particles to very high speeds. The energetic particles produced are used to bombard atomic nuclei and thereby produce nuclear reactions of interest to researchers. A cyclotron consists of an ion source at P, two dees D1 and D2 across which an alternating potential difference is applied, and a uniform magnetic field.(The south pole of the magnet is not shown.) The red dashed curved lines represent the path of the particles. The Hall Effect When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a potential difference is generated in a direction perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field.This phenomenon is known as the Hall effect. The Hall Effect THANKS QUESTION Andika How to get this formula : Lakha What is the direction of magnetic field? Is that from north to south? Hanif How can magnetic field create electric field?