Download The Plant Kingdom

 What
The Plant Kingdom
is a plant?
How
did plants adapt to live on land?
How
are plants classified?
What
are the complex life cycles of
plants?
What is a plant?
Autotrophs
– Produce their own food
Autotrophs
Plants
are sunsun-powered, foodfood-making
factories.
MultiMulti-cellular
– Have many cells
Eukaryotes
– Cells contain organelles
Photosynthesis
– the process which
uses carbon dioxide gas and water to
make food and oxygen.
– Also: all plant cells are surrounded by
cell walls.
Multicellular
Both
the moss and the tree it is
growing on are plants
Plant cells
Enclosed
by a cell wall
– Cellulose – rigid (& crunchy)
Cell
wall surrounds cell membrane
Plant
cells are organized
into tissues
Groups
of similar cells
that perform
a specific function
Vacuole
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
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How is living on land different from
living in water?
What
are the three characteristics of
plants?
In
water:
Plants
How
do plant cells differ from the
cells of other eukaryotes?
are able to absorb water and
nutrients whenever they need it.
Plants are held up by water toward
the sun.
Plants can reproduce easily because
sperm can swim to eggs.
Adaptations for living on land
Plants needed a way to get water and
nutrients from the soil
Adaptation: Roots
Plants needed a way to keep from being
pushed around by rain or wind
Adaptation: Roots
Adaptations for living on land, cont.
Adaptations for living on land, cont.
Plants
Plants
needed a way to retain water,
to keep from drying out due to
evaporation
Adaptation:
cuticle
needed a way to transport
water and nutrients from one part of
their body to another
Adaptation:
vascular tissue
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Water
and
minerals
Food
phloem
xylem
Adaptations for living on land, cont.
Adaptations for living on land, cont.
Plants
Plants
needed support to grow tall
enough to expose their leaves to the
sun
Adaptation:
cell walls and
vascular tissue
needed a way for sperm to
reach eggs without water to swim
through
Adaptation:
pollen
Adaptations for living on land, cont.
Plants
needed a way to keep an
embryo safe until conditions are safe
for growth
Adaptation:
seeds
What
are the adaptations that plants
need to survive on land?
Why
is a cuticle a useful adaptation
in land plants but not in algae?
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Nonvascular plants
Nonvascular plants
Includes:
Mosses
(bryophytes)
Liverworts (hepatophytes)
Hornworts (anthocerophytes)
Nonvascular plants
LowLow-growing
Live in moist environments
Absorb water and nutrients directly from
their environment
Water allows sperm cells to swim to egg
cells during reproduction
Nonvascular plants
Moss
What looks like tiny stems and leaves is
the gametophyte generation
A tall, slender stalk with a capsule at the
end growing from the top is the
sporophyte generation
Rhizoids (like roots) anchor the plant and
absorb water and nutrients
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Moss
Sphagnum
moss grows in bogs
Bog
water is very acidic –
decomposers do not live there, so
dying moss does not decay
Layers
of dead moss compress into a
dark material called peat
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Liverworts
Leaves
are broad and flat – like a
human liver
Grow
in a thick crust on moist rocks
or in soil next to a stream
Sporophyte
stage
Gametophyte
stage
Lepdogyna hodgsoniae
Plants can also
reproduce asexually
by regenerating a
new plant from a
piece of an old one.
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Hornworts
Gametophyte
stage – flat leaves
close to the ground
Sporophyte
stage – slender, curved
‘horns’
horns’
Rarely
grow on rocks or trees – live
in moist soil mixed with grass
Check your knowledge
Describe
two characteristics that
nonvascular plants share.
How are these two characteristics
related?
In what ways are mosses, liverworts
and hornworts similar?
In what ways are they different?
Seedless vascular
plants
FERNS
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Club mosses
Horsetails
Seedless vascular plants
Fossils
Seedless vascular plants
date from 340 mya
Giant
club mosses are
responsible for most of
the coal on Earth
Seedless vascular plants
Characteristics:
1.) True vascular tissue
– Effective transportation of materials
through the plant
– Strengthens the plants body with strong
cell walls
Ancient fern
forests
covered
much of the
land
Seedless vascular plants
Characteristics:
2.) Seedless
– Reproduce through spores
spores→
spores→gametophyte→
gametophyte→gametes→
gametes→sporophyte
– Need moist environment for sperm to
swim to eggs
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Ferns
More
than 12,000 species
Range
in size from ¼ inch to 20 feet
Ferns
Rhizomes
– Underground stems
tall
– Spread out sideways under the soil
True
stems, roots, and leaves
– Grow new roots and shoots
Ferns
Fronds
Gametophyte
– Leaves grow out of the underground
rhizome
– Stipe – stalk below the blade
– Blade – part of the frond with leaflets
Fiddlehead
Ferns
tiny
makes
eggs and sperm
grows into a sporophyte
gamete
– new, uncurling frond
Ferns
Sporophyte
Spore
cases form on the
underside of fronds
Wind and water carry spores very far
Spore develops into gametophyte
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Club mosses and horsetails
Check your knowledge:
What
characteristics do ferns, club
mosses, and horsetails share?
How do tracheophytes differ from
bryophytes?
How are tracheophytes and
bryophytes similar?
Although ferns have vascular tissue,
they still must live in moist
environments. Why?
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm
means ‘naked seed’
seed’
Gymnosperms
Characteristics of gymnosperms
All
gymnosperms have naked seeds
– The seeds are not enclosed in a fruit
have needleneedle-like leaves and
deepdeep-growing root systems
Most
Oldest
type of seed plant
– First appeared on Earth ~360mya
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Cycads
Look
like palm trees with cones
– A cycad cone can grow as big as a
football
Grow
mostly in tropical and
subtropical areas
Conifers
ConeCone-bearing
plants
diverse group of gymnosperms
today
Most are evergreens
Most
– Keep their leaves (needles) yearyear-round
– When needles drop off they are replaced
by new ones.
juniper
cypress
cedar
Ginkgoes
Only
one species survives today
Ginkgo biloba
Often
planted in cities because they
can tolerate air pollution well
sequoia
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Gnetophytes
Live
in hot desserts and tropical rain
forests
Some
are trees, shrubs, or vines
Some
are very longlong-living
Reproduction in gymnosperms
Cones
– produced by most
gymnosperms
Some species have ‘male’
male’ trees and
‘female’
female’ trees
Most produce both male and female
cones on the same plant
Female cones usually grow closer to
the trunk and male cones grow
closer to the tips of the branches
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Reproduction
are covered with scales
the base of each scale is one or
more ovules
An ovule is a structure that contains
an egg cell
After fertilization, the ovule develops
into a seed
Reproduction
First, pollen falls from a male cone onto a
female cone
In time, a sperm cell and an egg cell join
together in an ovule on the female cone
After fertilization occurs, the seed
develops on the scale of the female cone
Cones
At
Pollination
transfer of pollen from a male
reproductive structure to a female
reproductive structure
Fertilization
The
gymnosperms wind usually carries
the pollen
After
pollination, the ovule closes
and seals in the pollen
In
A
Ovules
The
produce a sticky substance to
trap the pollen
sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell
inside each ovule
fertilized egg then develops into
the embryo part of the seed
Seed development
Female
cones stay on the tree while
the seeds mature
– Up to two years in some species
As
the seeds develop, the female
cone increases in size
Male
cones fall off the tree after
shedding their pollen
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Seed dispersal
When
the seeds are mature, the
scales open
Who cares about gymnosperms?
Conifers
are used to make:
– Paper
– Lumber
– Rayon fabric
– Cellophane wrappers
– Turpentine
– Rosin
Wind
shakes the seeds out of the
cone and carries them away
Only
a few seeds will land in suitable
places and grow into new plants
Check your knowledge:
Managed
forests – young trees are
planted to replace adult trees which
are cut
Ensures
a steady supply of these
What are the four types of gymnosperms?
What is pollen and where is it produced?
Where do the pine seeds develop?
How is pollen transferred from the male to
the female cone?
trees
Check your knowledge:
Why
would male cones grow near
the tips of branches instead of near
the trunk?
Do
you think that the seeds of
gymnosperms would likely be
dispersed by animals?
Why or why not?
Angiosperms
Flowering Plants
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Angiosperms
Produce
seeds that are enclosed in
fruits
Most
diverse group of plants
– 88% of all plant species
Live
almost everywhere on Earth
– Frozen Arctic
– Tropical jungles
– Barren deserts
(Pistil)
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Structure of Flowers
Sepals
Structure of Flowers, cont.
Stamens
– Usually green
– Closed around a bud
– Fold back as bud blooms
Petals
– Male reproductive part
– Anther – pollen is produced here
– Filament – holds up the anther
Pistils
– Usually colorful
– Vary in shape, size, and number
Reproduction
Pollination
(Carpels)
– Female reproductive parts
– Stigma – sticky tip
– Style - slender tube
– Ovary – protects the seeds
Reproduction, cont.
Fertilization
– Pollen (containing sperm) is transferred
from an anther to a stigma
– Sperm cells travel down the style
through a pollen tube to the ovules
– Pollen must fall on the stigma of a
similar plant
– Sperm cell + egg cell = zygote
– Zygote is the seed’
seed’s embryo
– Ovule becomes the seed coat and
stored food
– Ovary develops into a fruit
Pollinators
Flower
colors and scents are
designed to attract animals
– Birds, bats, bees, flies, mice
Nectar
– sugary food to many
animals
Seed dispersal
Fruit
is designed to attract animals
It
is eaten or carried away, then
deposited in a new area
– Forms deep in the flower
– Animal must brush past the sexual
organs to get it
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Types of angiosperms
Monocot
Woody
/ herbaceous
Annuals
Types of angiosperms
Monocots
– 1 cotyledon (seed leaf)
– Parallel leaf veins
– Bundles of vascular tissue scattered
throughout the stem
– Flower parts in threes
– Ex. – grass, corn, wheat, rice, lilies,
tulips
/ dicot
/ biennials / perennials
Types of angiosperms
Dicots
– 2 cotyledons
– Branching leaf veins
– Bundles of vascular tissue arranged in a
ring
– Flower parts in fours or fives
– Ex. – oak and maple trees, beans,
apples
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Types of angiosperms
Woody
plants
– Thick, rigid cell walls
– Ex. – trees, shrubs, roses
Herbaceous
– Softer, smoother stems
– Ex. – carnations, tomatoes, daisies
Types of angiosperms
Annuals
– Complete their life cycle in one year or
less
Biennials
– Complete their life cycle in two years
Perennials
– Live for longer than two years
Who cares about angiosperms?
Plant
life span is genetically
determined
– Some plants will die after a certain time
period, even if conditions are favorable
Plant
life cycle:
– Germination, maturity, flowering, seed
production, death
Important
source of food
– cotton and flax
Rubber – Ficus sap
Furniture – maple, cherry, oak
Medicines – aspirin from willow bark,
digitalis from foxglove
Clothing
Check your knowledge:
What
are the male and female
reproductive parts of the flower?
What flower part develops into a
fruit?
How do the petals of monocots and
dicots differ?
How do the leaves of monocots and
dicots differ?
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